APPLIED GEOPHYSICS

GRAVITY DATA ANALYSIS

FOR HYDROCARBON EXPLORATION
(CASE STUDY OF JAVA ISLAND)
By
Dr. Ir. Eko Widianto, MT
BANDUNG
4 April 2008

References Cited
Gibson, R. I. (1998): Gravity and Magnetics in Oil Exploration: A Historical Perspective, in Gibson,
R.I., Millegan, P.S. Eds., Geologic Applications of Gravity and Magnetics: Case Histories ; SEG
Geophysical References Series, No 8, AAPG Studies in Geology, No. 43; Published Jointly by SEG
and AAPG, Tulsa, USA.
Lines, L. R., and Newrick, R. T. (2004): Fundamental of Geophysical Interpretation; Geophysical
Monograph Series, Number 13; Society of Exploration Geophysicists.
Magoon, L.B, and Dow, W.G., eds., (1994): The Petroleum system from source to trap: AAPG
Memoir 60.
Pratsch. C.J. (1998): Gravity Data Define Basin Structure and the Location of Major Oil and Gas
Reserve: Example from Subandean Basins, Tunisia, and the U.S. Rocky Mountain Region, 28-31
in Gibson, R.I., Millegan, P.S. Eds., Geologic Applications of Gravity and Magnetics: Case
Histories; SEG Geophysical References Series, No 8, AAPG Studies in Geology, No. 43; Published
Jointly by SEG and AAPG, Tulsa, USA.
Society of Petroleum Engineer (SPE), American Association of Petroleum Geologist (AAPG), World
Petroleum Council (WPC), and Society of Petroleum Evaluation Engineer (SPEE); (2007):
Petroleum Resources Management System.
Widianto, Eko (2008): Basement structural configuration and basin type determination using gravity
data and its implication for oil and gas exploration target in Java Island; PhD Dissertation,
Bandung Institute of Technology; Unpublished.

CONTENTS
1.

Level of Petroleum Investigation

2.

Gravity Data Utilization

3.

Case Study of Java Island

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.

4.

Research Background
Propose of Research
Gravity Data Processing
Geodynamic and Structural Pattern of Java
Island
Rift Basin
Synthetic Model of Rift Basin
Basin Type Interpretation
Hydrocarbon Resources Calculation

Conclusion

LEVEL OF
PETROLEUM INVESTIGATION

SEDIMENTARY BASIN
ECONOMICS
NOT
IMPORTANT

PETROLEUM SYSTEM

PLAY

ECONOMICS
VERY
IMPORTANT

PROSPECT
Four levels of Petroleum Investigation
Magoon and Dow (1994)

Factor Comparison
in the Four Levels of Petroleum Investigation
Factor
Investigation

Sedimentary
Basin
Sedimentary
Rock

Economics

Petroleum
System

Play

Prospect

Petroleum

Traps

Trap

None

Essential

Essential

Critical
Moment

Presentday

Presentday

Absolute

Conditiona
l

Conditiona
l

High

Very high

High

Prospect

None
Geologic
Time

Time of
deposition

Existence
Absolute
Cost

Low
Very Low

Analysis &
Modeling

System
Basin

Magoon and Dow (1994)

PETROLEUM SYSTEM IN THE

EXPLORATION EVALUATION PROCESS

Risk

Geological and Petroleum

Generating Processes
Basin
Review

Petroleum
System

Play
Concep
t/
Prospec
t

Engineering

Economic
Analysis

Post
Drill
Review

Optimization

Volumetric
After Schneidermann & Robert M. Otis, IPA 1997

Reasons for Dry Holes

40

% of Failed
Prospects

35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0

Source
Rock HC
charge

Seal
Migration

Structure
Trap

Reservoir

(Kingston, AAPG Explorer,1996 )

GRAVITY DATA UTILIZATION

Frequently used geophysical methods for surface

recording and typical application
Geophysical
method

Physical
property
measured

Typical applications

Comment on
applicability

Seismology

Seismic wave
velocity, seismic
impedance
contrast,
attenuation,
anisotropy

Delineation of
stratigraphy and
structures in
petroleum exploration

Exploration seismology is
the most widely used
geophysical method in
petroleum exploration.

Gravity
Surveys

Rock density
contrast

Reconnaissance of
large-scale density
anomalies in
petroleum and mineral
exploration

Gravity survey are

generally less expensive
but have less resolving
power than seismic
exploration.

Magnetic
Surveys

Magnetic
susceptibility or
the rocks intrinsic
magnetization

Reconnaissance of the
crustal magnetic
properties, especially
for determination of
basement features

Aeromagnetic surveys are

widely used in both
petroleum and mining
application for
determining large, deep
structure.

Electrical and
electromagneti
c surveys

Rock resistivity,
capacitance, and
inductance
properties

Mineral exploration

These methods are used

most frequently in mining
exploration and well
logging(Lines
(resistivity,
SP,
and Newrick, 2004)
and induction log)

Resources Classification System

Play

Society of Petroleum Engineers et al., 2007

Interpretation of Gravity Data

Uniqueness (ambiguity) Problem
applies to all potential field methods, and,
indeed, all geophysical methods
there is an inherent ambiguity in
interpretation of gravity data
even if you had gravity at every point on
Earth's surface, there are multiple models
that would produce those values because
of integral nature of gravity, it can be
proven that any anomaly can be result of
an infinite number of density
distributions.

ROLE OF GRAVITY & MAGNETICS

IN THE EXPLORATION PROCESS
Exploration-risk parameters evaluated through the geologic
integration of gravity and magnetic data during the basin
reconnaissance (or new venture opportunity) stage include:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Basin outline
Regional hydrocarbon trapping structures
Regional hydrocarbon source-thickness estimation
Regional hydrocarbon migration pathways
Thermal maturity
Optimization of seismic survey placement

GRAVITY AND MAGNETIC ANALYSIS CAN ADDRESS VARIOUS PETROLEUM

ISSUES (1)
ISSUE
Rock Deposition
Where were the source rocks
deposited?
How deep are the source rocks?

GRAVITY & MAGNETIC

TASK

INTEGRATED WITH

Source

Maturation
Where are the cooking pots and
fetch areas?
What is the present-day heat influx
into the basin and how much dose it
vary?
What is the thickness of the crust?
What is the overburden?

Depth to magnetic basement

Regional basin enhancements

Seismic data
Regional geology

Depth to magnetic basement

Isostatic residual
Sediment thickness
Depth versus density
modeling
Regional structural modeling
Curie point (regional heat
flow)
Delineation of volcanic

Seismic data
Well data
Density and Velocity
data
Heat-flow data

Magnetic inversion
Depth to magnetic basement
Vertical fault identification
Gradient analysis
Regional depocenter and
sediment path

Well and outcrop data

Topography
Remote sensing
Seismic data
Sequence stratigraphic
Gibson and Millegan (1998)
analysis

Source

Hydrocarbon

Migration
How much relief is there on the
basement?
What are the shape of the cooking
pots?
Are major vertical conduits near
surface areas?

GRAVITY AND MAGNETIC ANALYSIS CAN ADDRESS VARIOUS PETROLEUM

ISSUES (2)
ISSUE
Reservoir Prediction
Where are the thickest sediment?
Where are the highest sand
probability?
Where was the sources of
sedimentation?
What is the influence of tectonic on
deposition?
Have the sediment depocenters
shifted over time?
What is the compaction history of the
sediments?
Do the sands have lateral continuity
and connectivity?

Trap
Where are the major structures?
What is the structural grain?
Are faults in the sedimentary section?
Are lateral porosity changes present?

GRAVITY & MAGNETIC

TASK

INTEGRATED WITH

Depocenter and sediment

path
enhancement.
Integrated basin modeling
Density inversion
Provenance (magnetic
lithology)
determination
Sedimentary magnetic
analysis
Paleomagnetic analysis
Integrated velocity analysis
(2-D
and 3-D)

Seismic data

Residuals and enhancements

2-D/3-D
structural/stratigraphic
modeling
Fault identification gradient

Seismic data
Outcrop information
Topography
Remote sensing
Gibson and Millegan (1998)
Seismicity

Lithology data (outcrop

and well)
Sequence stratigraphic
analysis
Biostratigraphic data

GRAVITY AND MAGNETIC ANALYSIS CAN ADDRESS VARIOUS PETROLEUM

ISSUES (3)
ISSUE
Vertical Seal
Where are salt overhangs?
How thick is tabular salt?
How thick are volcanics?

Timing
What are the ages of sedimentary
features?
How do all the petroleum system
elements
fit together and what is the timing?

GRAVITY & MAGNETIC

TASK

INTEGRATED WITH

Residuals and enhancements

Layer stripping
Integrated 2-D/3-D modeling
Sedimentary magnetic
analysis

Seismic data
Sequence stratigraphic

Integrated
structural/stratigraphic
modeling
Layer stripping and
enhancements
Tectonostratigraphic analysis
Paleomagnetic analysis

Density and Velocity

data
Seismic data
Biostratigraphic data
Back-stripping
Palinspastic
Gibson and Millegan (1998)
reconstructions

analysis

USE HIGHER RESOLUTION

GRAVITY AND MAGNETIC DATA
PLAY
IDENTIFICATION

TACTICS

Regional
reconnaisanc
e

PROSPECT
CAPTURE

Prospect
identification
and risk
assessment

Petroleum
system
analysis

Lease and G&G

Play analysis

Tectonostratigraphic
framework

Establishing
exploration
focus
and G&G
expenditure

acquisition

PROSPECT
EVALUATION

Prospect Risk
reduction
Drill-site
decision
(less complex
prospect)

RESOURCE
APPRAISAL

RESERVOIR
MANAGEMENT

Asset
deliniation
and

Reservoir
performance
monitoring

development

Enhance
recovery

Drill-site
decision
( complex
imaging)

Basin Modeling
Gibson and Millegan (1998)

USE HIGHER RESOLUTION GRAVITY DATA

PLAY
IDENTIFICATION

GRAVITY
UTILIZATION

GRAVITY
RESOLUTIO
N REQUIRED
*

PROSPECT
CAPTURE

PROSPECT
EVALUATION

RESOURCE
APPRAISAL

RESERVOIR
MANAGEMENT

Isostatic
residual
Regional
tectonic
analisis
Basin and
depocenter
enhancement
Regional
modeling
Digital data
integration
(with remote
sensing, etc)

Semiregional
structural /
stratiigraphic
modeling
Target-spesific
enhancements
Layer stripping for
improved
delineation of
exploration
targets
Sensitivity studies
tied to density
and
lithology

Detailed,
integrated
2D / 3D
modeling
(with seismic
horizons,
density,
and velocity
information)
Porosity /
pressure
prediction
Salt edge / base
determination
Enhanced
velocity
analysis

Integrated 3D
rock properties
and velocity
modeling
Integrated
depth
migration (preor
poststack)
Borehole
gravityremote
porosity
detection
Detection of
shallow
hazards

Time-lapse
precision
gravity

1 5 mGal
2 20 km
wavelength
Continental
grids,
satelite
gravity,
airborne
gravity

0.2 1 mGal
1 5 km
wavelength
Conventional
marine
and land surveys

0.1 0.5 mGal

0.5 2 km
wavelength
High-resolution
land and
marine
surveys

0.1 0.5 mGal

0.2 1 km
wavelength
0.01 0.005
mGal
(borehole)
High-resolution
land, marine,
and
gradiometer

0.02 0.1 mGal

1 5 years

Integrated
reservoir
characterization
Borehole gravity

Gibson and Millegan (1998)

USE HIGHER RESOLUTION MAGNETIC DATA

PLAY
IDENTIFICATION

PROSPECT
CAPTURE

PROSPECT
EVALUATION

RESOURCE
APPRAISAL

RESERVOIR
MANAGEMENT

MAGNETIC
UTILIZATION

Regional depth
to magnetic
basement
Regional
tectonic
analysis
Euler
deconvolution
Curie point
analysis

Detailed
basement
interpretation
Detailed fault
and
lineament
analysis
Delineation of
volcanics, salt,
and
shale

Detailed,
integrated
2D/3D modelingfaulting,
basement
structure,
volcanic,
salt edges, and
sediment timing
Depth slicing
and
lineament
analysis
Sedimentary
magnetic
analysis

Detailed 2D / 3D
modeling
inversion
Integrated
depth
migration (preor postack)
Magnetostartigraphy

None published

MAGNETIC
RESOLUTIO
N REQUIRED
*

20 km spacing
5 8 km grid
1 5 nT
Continental
grids,
older surveys

2 5 km spacing
1 - 2 km grid
0.5 2 nT
Modern digital
surveys, marine
surveys,
digitized
older analog
surveys

0.5 - 1 km spacing
0.1 0.5 nT
High-resolution,
lowaltitude surveys

0.25 0.5 km
spacing
0.1 0.5 nT
High-resolution,
low-altitude
surveys
Gibson and Millegan (1998)
Borehole
magnetometer

CASE STUDY OF
JAVA ISLAND

RESEARCH BACKGROUND
National Oil Condition
1. Decreasing of National Oil Production
and Reserves
2. Increasing of National Energy
Consumption
3. Difficulties to find the big fish or the
giant field in the mature basin

Oil production in Indonesia peaked 15 years ago

and is now in steep decline
INDONESIA: Oil production (bars) & consumption (dots)
2000

Thousands of barrels of oil per day

1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
1955
Energyfiles Ltd

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980
Year

1985

1990

1995

2000

Realization

Forecast

INDONESIAN PROVEN OIL AND GAS RESERVES

(1980 2006)

Production lags discovery by ~ 25 years

The discovery profile is a signal

WHAT LIES BELOW JAVA?

New Oil and Gas Reserves Opportunity

1. Rift Basin as a significant hydrocarbon producer

(200 BBO have been identified)
2. Possibility of Rift Basin Development in Java Island
3. Data and technology availability

JAVA ISLAND

Newsweek Dec 2006 Feb 2007

INDONESIA TERTIARY SEDIMENTARY BASINS

SOUTH CHINA SEA

PA
CIF
IC

SULAWESI
SEA

eastern

400 KM

OC
EA
N

BANDA SEA

western

UNDRILLED
22

TOTAL OF
60 BASINS
DRILLED
38

PRODUCING
15

NON PRODUCING
23

DISCOVERY
8
NON DISCOVERY
15

Status : Jan 01, 199

IT
+ 3b

3a
+

4a
+

+ 2a
1730

BAY OF
BATAVIA

STA
L

TJ
IT
AR
U

BA 4b
JA
H

BATAVIA

KARIMUNDJOWO - ISLANDS

P L
A I N

O F

+ 5a

MT

+ 5b

5a 5c
+ +
5b +

7
++ 8 TJIANJUR

JAVA

38
+
DJUWONO

CHERIBON
TEGAL

PEKALONGAN

+ 21

BANDUNG

REMBANG

15
16
+
+
PENGALENGAN

PURWODADI

PRUPUK

35
+
AMBARAWA

EST

200

JAV

SOUTH
S E R AJ U

KARANGNUNGGAL

1000

NUSA KAMBANGAN

MTS

WEST

JOGJAKARTA

44
+

MADIUN

+ 45

DJIWO

BATURETNO

PATJITAN

3430

H I L
L S

BANGKALAN

1790

310

ZO
47
+

TULUNGAGUNG

MTS

NE

O
49
+

BLITAR

SURABAJA
WONOKROMO

M A D U R A -

S T R A I T

BANGIL
PASURUAN
53
+
+ 54

50
+

N E
51
+

SITUBONDO

BESUKI
+ 62

PROBOLINGGO

MALANG

57
+

58
KEPANDJEN
B L I
TUREN +
T A R
SUB
ZONE
E AS T
J AV A
POPOH

60
+

+
59

+ 52

LUMADJANG

OF

67
+

65
+

DJEMBER

PASURUAN

MERAWAN

66
+
BALI

ROGODJAMBU

PUSER

450

850

NUSA BARUNA
1755
GROJAGAN

3740
1050

3130

1835

2750

Meridian of Batavia =
108482779 of Greenwich
0

40
00
0

SUMENEP

AI

50
0

TR

60
0

PAMEKASAN

DJOMBANG

KEDIRI

MODJOKERTO

DEPTH IN M

100 km

LI

30
0

80

TUBAN

3000

6
7

MADURA

60

BA

N
DIU
MA

G SE SOUTHER
N
WU

710

SU

WONOGIRI

WONOSARI

300

36 +
SURAKARTA
+ 37
(SOLO)

PURWOREDJO PROGO
MTS

TJILATJAP

1950

30
0

40

40
+

R E M
B A N DJODJOGAN
G
BLORA

DEMAK
SEMARANG

3770

AND

20

PATI

KUDUS
KENDAL

PEMALANG

20
00
30
00

3440

OF

SUBANG

O
OG
PR

2020
2512

TJEPU
R A N
32
SABARANTEN
+Z
19
BODJONEGORO
D U B
N O RBUMITAJUH S E
R A Y U +31M T
+ S
O
RANDUBLATUNG
OUT
K E N
GARUT
+
NGIMBANG
L A T
N
33
HER
KOLEBERES
17
D E N
27
+ 18
E
U N G
SALATIGA
+
+
N M
G
34
TEMANGGUNG
Z O N
TS
NGAWI
R I D
TASIKMALAJA
+
EP
BANDJERNEGARA
WONOSOBO
NG
O F
G
MAGELANG
E
A
OR
SRAGEN
SIWO
W
48
W
ON
14
+

220

A N

+
13

UY

+ 45

2920

PELABUHAN RATU

INDRAMAJU

D
AN
TJIT

Y
BA
SOP
NO AY
N
B
2730 W U
S
UH
ET
IL
TJ

PHYSIOGRAPHIC SKETCHMAP

B A
T A
V I A

9 10
+ + + 11
LEMBANG

SUKABUMI

BAJAH

750

B O G O
R
BUTTENZORN
Z O PURWAKARTA
N E
+
OF BOGOR

MALINGPING

BAWEAN

RANGKASBITUNG

PRINSEN L

SA
MP
E

COA

AY

1575

3b
+

SANGIANG

KRAKATAU

ISL

PA
RI
G
IB

SEBUKU
SEBESI

DUIZEND

BR
AN
TA
S

RADJABASA

BA
NT
AM
-B
AY

MATRA

SU -

2710
1

base map after van Bemmelen (1949)

LEGENDS OF THE PHYSIOGRAPHIC ZONES
1. Quaternary volcanoes
2. Alluvial plains of northern Java
3. Rembang Madura anticlinorium
4. Bogor, North Serayu, and Kendeng anticlinorium
5. Domes and ridges in the central depression zone
6. Central depression zone of Java and Randublatung Zone
7. Southern Mountains

Re-draw by Awang Harun (2005)

Assumptions

The basement configuration and basin

type determination can be identified by
using the optimum gravity data processing
Good correlation between geophysical
signature of ideal rift basin with Javas
sedimentary basins
Proven petroleum system statistical
parameters will be applied in frontier
basins

PROPOSE OF RESEARCH

Define depth of discontinuities of density

contrast of Java Island
Basement structural configuration and
Tertiary basin mapping of Java Island
Identified possible rift basin development
in Java Island
Rank the exploration target area based
on petroleum system
Hydrocarbon resources calculation

DESSERTATION RESEARCH PROGRAM

Basement Structural Configuration and Basin Type Determination Using Gravity Data
and Its Implication for Oil and Gas Exploration Target in Java Island

GEOLOGY

GEOPHYSICS
Gravity Bouger Anomaly

Tectonic

Spectrum Analysis
Stratigraphy

Filtering & Horizontal Gradient

Petroleum System

Residual Anomaly

Prospect Evaluation

Tertiary Basin Configuration

Hydrocarbon Resources
Calculation

Deconvolution

Regional Anomaly

Depth of Mantle

Density distribution on depth of its anomaly body

Seismic, Well data, Outcrop

Gravity Bouguer Int.

Synthetic Model

Regional & Residual Density Contrast Maps

Basin Type Interpretation, Basin Pattern Map

NEW OIL AND GAS EXPLORATION PLAY CONCEPT

(Prospect Basin, Petroleum System, Hydrocarbon Resources)

DATA PROCESSING

Spectral Analysis
Filtering
Deconvolution

SPECTRAL ANALYSIS

Power spectra of gravity data can be roughly

divided into 2-3 segments.
Low frequency (low wavelength) with steep
slope is termed regional due to sources that are
deep and or broad.
At high frequency (short wavelength) as a
residual part has a flatter slope and is due to
relatively shallow sources.
Indicates the depth of sources of anomalies.
Smoothing effect of the spectrum will simplifies
the design of the filters.
An example from Java

FILTERING

The gravity anomaly is the sum of overlapping

gravitational effects of many separate geologic
structures of varying dimensions and depths.
A major step in the analysis of the gravity data is
the process of isolating observed anomaly
patterns into regional and residual components.
The definition of regional-residual is purely
subjective and arbitrary.
Many methods (Moving Average, Polynomial,
Second Vertical Derivative) will be used to
separate regional and residual anomalies in order
to obtain a residual map suitable for gravity
modeling study to help define the Tertiary basin
configuration.

DECONVOLUTION

Density is a physical property of rock which vary in

term of rock type and their distribution lateral and
vertically.
Knowledge of density distribution within the ground will
be value to identify the sub-surface geology.
Mathematical expression of gravity anomalies is a
result of convolution between density distribution and
the operator which depends on the geometry of
causative body including its distance from station, and
its density distribution (Kadir, 1997).
By using the specific deconvolution operator can be
estimated the relative depth and density distribution of
the anomalous body.

FILTERING ANALYSIS
Qualitative analysis
Good results in both MA and SVD in term to
image sub-surface condition
Polynomial has no good results since there is
spectrum convergences after 6th order
Quantitative analysis
MA is very accurate technique to apply frequency
filtering which correspond to data content
For the next step will use MA and SVD methods

Widianto (2008)

Bouguer gravity anomaly map of Java

Widianto (2008)

Regional gravity anomaly map of Java using

moving average method

Widianto (2008)

Residual gravity anomaly map of Java using

moving average method

Widianto (2008)

Horizontal gradient gravity anomaly map of Java using

second vertical derivative (Elkin) method

RIFT BASIN

RIFT BASIN
A rift basin forms during the tensional breakup or rifting of a pre-existing
geologic unit and is followed by basin subsidence
Mantle hot spot and crustal extension
(Thermal and mechanical energy)

One possible explanation for rift development is that regional

deformation results from global stress, which affects several
individual crustal plates. In this scheme, rift tectonics seem to be
caused by regional, mechanical crustal extension.
Another theory maintains that thermal instabilities affect crustal
plate formation, and that thermal energy is the primary driving force
of most observable tectonic deformation. In this scheme, rift
tectonics are caused by deep crustal or mantle hot spots, which are
the sites of initial crustal uplift.
Usually, both concepts are used together, in applied plate tectonics,
to explain rift formation
At least 200 BBO have been identified as recoverable reserves in rift
basins.

Geological Model

Rifting process (Mc Kenzie, 1978)

Facies development of Rift system

(Dawers and Underhill, 2000)

Geophysical Model

Bouguer anomaly character related to two stages

structure evolutions (ITB Pertamina, 2005)

Bouguer anomaly profile and Gregory rift model

(Kearey and Vine, 1990)

Geodynamic and Structural

Pattern of Java Island

Internal structure of the earth

Thickness of Earth's crust by USGS

Since the Moho is at the base of the crust this map also shows depth to Moho

Ordovician Ophiollite in Gros Morne National Park, Newfoundland.

Ancient mantle rock exposed at the surface.
(GNU Free Documentation License Image).

Widianto (2008)

Position of spectrum analysis on Bouguer

gravity anomaly map

Z=14.483
Z
= 14.483 km
km
Z=1.6773Z = 1.677 km
km

k = 0.2167

Widianto (2008)

Spectral Analysis of M-N line of West Java

SPECTRAL ANALYSIS OF JAVA ISLAND

ZReg (Km)

ZRes (Km)

West Java

13.72

2.12

0.223

Central Java

11.50

2.38

0.208

East Java

16.71

2.56

0.173

Average

14.00

2.35

0.200

Density contrast profile across Java Island

Widianto (2008)

Widianto (2008)

Deconvolution map at 17.5 km depth based on

regional gravity anomaly map of Java

Widianto (2008)

Deconvolution map at 2.5 km depth based on

residual gravity anomaly map of Java

Widianto (2008)

Structural pattern map based on horizontal

gradient

Pratsch (1998)

Widianto (2008)

Basin configuration, oil and gas distribution and

general migration pattern map

Widianto (2008)

Peta penyebaran lapangan minyak dan gas

dalam peta distribusi rapat massa pada kedalaman 2.5 km
hasil dekonvolusi anomali gayaberat residual

Synthetic Model of Rift Basin

Synthetic Model -1
Mantle belum menerobos lapisan sedimen Tersier

Synthetic Model -2
Mantle sampai batas bawah lapisan sedimen Tersier

Synthetic Model - 3
Mantle menerobos lapisan sedimen Tersier

Synthetic Model - 4
Mantle menerobos jauh lapisan sedimen Tersier

Basin Type Interpretation

Widianto (2008)

Profiles position of Bouguer gravity anomaly

interpretation

Basin type interpretation based on gravity data

(Pameungpeuk - Sukatani section)
Widianto (2008)

Basin type interpretation based on gravity data

(Cilacap - Tanjung section)
Widianto (2008)

Basin type interpretation based on gravity data

(Wonosari - Muria section)
Widianto (2008)

Bekasi

Indramayu

Possible Rift Basin

Possible Rift Basin

Garut

Possible Rift Basin

Indramayu

Hydrocarbon Resources
Calculation

Subdivide source rock into more homogeneous units

(if necessary)
1

For each unit

Evaluate equation 1

TOC / 100
(wt %)

Formation density X
(g/cc)

Volume of Unit
(V. cc)

Mass of organic carbon

(M, g TOC)

Evaluate equation 2

Hydrocarbon Index prior to

Hydrocarbon generation
(HIo, mg HC/g TOC)

Present day
Hydrocarbon Index
(Hip, mg, HC/g, TOC)

Hydrocarbon generated
per gram organic carbon
(R, Mg, HC/g TOC)

Multiply (equation 3)

R (mg HC/g TOC)

M (g TOC)

10 (kg/mg)
-6

Hydrocarbon generated
by unit
(HCG, kg HC)

Flow diagram of method for approximate calculation

of mass of hydrocarbons generated

Contoh perhitungan hidrokarbon yang terbentuk

di Cekungan Cianjur
FACTOR
Source Rock Volume
TOC
Shale Density
Mass of Organic Carbon

UNIT

REMARK

7.5E+17 cm3
1 %weight
2.4 g/cc
18E+16

Hip

150 mg/g TOC

Present day hydrogen

index

Hio

300 mg/g TOC

Original hydrogen index

150 mg/g TOC

Hio-Hip

HCG

2.7E+121 Kg HC

Hydrocarbon generated

2.05E+10 bbl

Reference: Volumetric calculation of hydrocarbon generated, Schmoker, J, 1994;

in AAPG Memoir 60 The Petroleum System from Source to Trap.

Hydrocarbon generated calculation in Java Island

Widianto (2008)

CONCLUSION

CONCLUSION (1)
1.

2.

3.

This Research succeeds find new method in data evaluation of

gravity for mapping of hydrocarbon sedimentation basins, that
related to rift basin development. The said method is
combination moving average and second vertical derivative
filterings, and gravity deconvolution. By using this method, the
growth of asthenosphere intrusion can be followed either lateral
or vertical, so status rift basin phase development can be
determined. So this study has changed paradigm of gravity data
utilization.
The results show the presence of two discontinuity density layers
at 2.35 km and 14 km respectively. Shallow discontinuity is
predicted as an average depth of Tertiary basement.
This study also reveals the existence of low-density contrast at
17.5 km depth, that may relate to high temperature
asthenospheric intrusive body in lithosphere. In several places,
this asthenosphere intrusive body may reach lithosphere as
shallow as 2.5 km depth and it is characterized by positive
density contrast.

CONCLUSION (2)
4.

5.

6.

7.

The structural trend of rifted basin in West Java is aligned with

Sumatra trend that is NW-SE, in Central Java is W-E. The trend
of North East Java is NE-SW or parallel to Meratus trend, and in
Central East Java is W-E.
Maturation study of the source rock interval (i.e. Kujung and
Ngimbang source rock) in the depocenter area, confirms that
the source rock is already in gas generation stage. On the
contrary, in the shallower part of the basin the source rock
interval is still in oil generation stage.
In conclusion, twenty basins in Java may retain potential
hydrocarbon as high as 41 BBOE (low estimate), 187 BBOE
(high estimate) and 113 BBOE (best estimate).
This research has gave important contribution in geophysical
technology specially in gravity data optimization, and open
opportunity for hydrocarbon exploration in all basins that exist
in Java Island.

Thank You