Transportation in

Buildings
1. Vertical
2. Inclined
3. Horizontal

Based on elevator hoist mechanisms technology

modern elevator can be classified as :
* Traction elevators
* Geared Type
* Gearless Type
Hydraulic type
* Piston type
* Holeless type
* Rope type
* Climbing elevator
* Stair Elevator
* Sky Elevator Shuttles

Types of Transportations
1. Lifts (Elevators) Vertical
2.

Escalators-

2. Travelators

- Inclined
- Horizontal

Types of Lifts
3.
4.
5.
6.

Passenger Lift
Freight (Goods) Lifts
Hospital (Bed) Lifts
Service Lift (Dumb- Waiter)

ELEVATOR CONTROL FUNCTIONS

Elevator parking function (it automatically returns to
the programmed floor)
Elevator fire alarm function (in case of fire alarm it
automatically lands to the ground floor and
opens the doors)
Use of elevator in case of fire alarm (a mechanical key
that has to be used by firemen when operating the
elevator)
It is possible with a key or an electronic card to block
floor buttons in the elevator cabin.
Elevator VIP function (Elevator accepts only the calls
made from inside of the elevator cabin)
Elevator calls at the stop points using an electronic card
Elevator control group
Elevator computer control using elevator control
software

Lift Control
Full Collective System
The Full Collective Control System uses logic to collect
the Passenger while travelling in both up and down
directions thereby reducing power consumption and
waiting time. The Control system along with VVVF Drives
reduces power consumption by upto 40% and also saves
time.
Down Collective System
The Down Collective system uses logic to collect the
Passenger while travelling in the down direction thereby
reducing power consumption and waiting time. The
Controller along with VVVF Drives reduces power
consumption by upto 30% and also saves waiting time.

Duplex System
This system is applicable where two lifts are next to each
other. Duplex System is available in full Collective Control
System and uses logic to dispatch nearest lift in the
direction of travel to collect the waiting Passenger thereby
reducing power consumption and waiting time. This
Control system along with VVVF Drives reduces power
consumption by upto 40% and also saves time.
Group Control System
This system is applicable where upto 8 Lifts are close to
each other in the same Building. A separate control
system is required and is fitted with the control system.
This System uses logic to dispatch nearest lift in the
direction of travel to collect the waiting Passenger thereby
reducing power consumption and waiting time. This

Passen
ger
Lifts

Home Elevator Front

Opening

Goods (Freight or
Passenger Cum
Freight Elevator)

These lifts may be :

1) Freight Elevator
2) Passenger cum Freight Elevator
3) Automobile Elevator
4) Service lift

Freight elevators
A freight elevator, or goods lift, is an elevator
designed to carry goods, rather than
passengers. Freight elevators are generally
required to display a written notice in the car
that the use by passengers is prohibited
(though not necessarily illegal), though certain
freight elevators allow dual use through the
use of an inconspicuous riser. Freight elevators
are typically larger and capable of carrying
heavier loads than a passenger elevator,
generally from 2,300 to 4,500 kg. Freight
elevators may have manually operated doors,
and often have rugged interior finishes to

Freight Elevators
Freight elevators are almost always outdoor
elevators even though some smaller versions
are designed for indoor use such as those used
in warehouses. They are most often extremely
heavy-duty and can facilitate a great amount of
weight. This type of elevator can either be on an
incline or vertical, but will most often be
industrial grade to accommodate those heavy
loads. In fact, the first type of elevator which
comes to mind when thinking of outdoor
elevators is actually freight elevators.

Dimensions for Goods

Lift

Automobile
Elevators are the
Best Method to
Transfer Vehicles
from Floor to Floor.
Height : Upto 40 M
Travel Speeds : 0.32
Mps / 0.65 Mps
Carrying Capacity :
Upto 5000 Kgs

This is the most popular type for car lifting requirements

especially for architectural projects where car parking
has been designed within the basement floors of the
buildings or Above the Street Level. The Lift may also be
used in a Car Showroom to take cars to Different Floors
or to carry Cars to the Different Floors for Display, Repair

Hospital Bed
Elevator

As per National Building Code

2005

Dimensions for Dumb

Waiters

Dumbwaiters Carry food and plates from Kitchen to

Room, kitchen to kitchen or from kitchen to the place of
serving.
The cabin and the doors of all the dumbwaiters are
manufactured using Stainless Steel. The vertical biparting doors are well suited to optimize the space
utilization.

Commercial Dumbwaiter
They are economic solution for moving
material from floor to floor in a multi-level
commercial environment. They can carry loads
up to 750 lbs.
Commercial Dumbwaiter used to Save
manpower, save space, save time, save
energy and help avoid workplace injuries.
Typical materials handled in a commercial
environment can be Food, Dishes & Cutlery,
Documents, Clothing, Carts or Shoes.

Loading Methods
Commercial Dumb Waiters :Types of Loading
Methods

Famous Lift Manufacturer

1. Otis Elevator
2. Scheindler
3. Tyssen Crupp
4. Kone Elevator
5. Hitachi
6. Jonsons
7. Fusitec
8. Mitsubishi
9. Kinetic Hyundai
10. Omega

Regenerative Drive
The Regenerative drive is the latest upgrade which
enables power generation during stopping of the elevator.
Unlike the conventional drives which heat a resistor while
dynamic braking, regenerative drive generates useful
power which can be used by other lifts, electrical
equipment or also can be fed back to the grid. This
ensures efficient braking of the elevator. The power
generated by this drive has very low harmonic distortion.
This Regenerative drive also offers multiple protection
functions such as over current & short circuit protection,
over temperature protection and also abnormal power
voltage protection.
How does it work?
When the lift travels up with a light load or travels down
with a heavy load it generates energy.
The regenerative drive recovers this energy and

Figure 3. A comparison of energy consumptions among different

elevator systems. (Source:http://www.otisworldwide.com).

Other Types of Lifts

Hydraulic Elevators
The hydraulic elevators are typically have no
counterweight, are the most inefficient and consumes an
amount of energy three times greater than an electric
elevator. The energy is dissipated as heat when it goes
down. Hydraulic elevators traveling at low speeds,
typically less than 1 m / s. The maximum stroke for this
type of plant is about 20 m. This is due to the fact that
increasing the height of travel, the pistons of larger
diameter should be used to withstand the greater forces
of instability. This increases the cost of the equipment
that makes the systems less attractive.

Hydraulic elevators are

supported by a piston at the
bottom of the elevator that
pushes the elevator up as an
electric motor forces oil or
another hydraulic fluid into the
piston. The elevator descends
as a valve releases the fluid
from the piston. They are used
for low-rise applications of 2-8
stories and travel at a
maximum speed of 200 feet
per minute. The machine room
for hydraulic elevators is
located at the lowest level
adjacent to the elevator shaft.

Conventional Hydraulic Elevators have a sheave that

extends below the floor of the elevator pit, which accepts
the retracting piston as the elevator descends. Some
configurations have a telescoping piston that collapses
and requires a shallower hole below the pit. Max travel
distance
is approximately
60 feet.
Roped Hydraulic
Elevators
use a combination of ropes
and a piston to move the elevator. Maximum travel
distance is about 60 feet.
Hydraulic elevators have a low initial cost and their
ongoing maintenance costs are lower compared to the
other elevator types. However, hydraulic elevators use
more energy than other types of elevators because the
electric motor works against gravity as it forces hydraulic
fluid into the piston. A major drawback of hydraulic
elevators is that the hydraulic fluid can sometimes leak,
which can cause a serious environmental hazard. The
environmental risk and high energy use are two main

Roped Hydraulic Elevators use a combination of ropes and a piston to

move the elevator. Maximum travel distance is about 60 feet.
Hydraulic elevators have a low initial cost and their ongoing maintenance
costs are lower compared to the other elevator types. However, hydraulic
elevators use more energy than other types of elevators because the
electric motor works against gravity as it forces hydraulic fluid into the
piston. A major drawback of hydraulic elevators is that the hydraulic fluid
can sometimes leak, which can cause a serious environmental hazard. The
environmental risk and high energy use are two main reasons that
hydraulic elevators are not being installed as often as in the past.

Elevator hoistway (Lift shaft or well):

The elevator hoistway is truly the forgotten section of any
building. More often than not, the elevator hoistways are
dirty and forgotten.
This portion of the building includes the elevator pit,
which can include dampness or even water ingress and,
of course, dirt, debris, garbage, and personal effects, such
as money, credit cards and lost keys. Hoistway
maintenance must also include the car top and even the
underneath of the elevator car, where, with cable
elevators, a key component of the elevator safety
mechanism is located. Dirt and debris gathers behind the
doors, all hidden and out of sight and out of mind.
Consider the elevator operation for one minute. The
elevator goes up and down, often nonstop. It sucks the air
in from floors and then blows the air out at other floors in

Lift entrance and

Architrave

Lift wells
Lift wells should be constructed to be weatherproof
and of a dust free surface material or should be
painted to minimize dust circulation on to moving
apparatus and from being pumped by the car
movement into machine rooms or on to landings.
Sufficient number of light points should be provided in
the lift shaft for proper illumination.

Lift Machine Room:

Make sure the machine room is code-compliant and
meets all local and national jurisdiction building code
requirements. The machine room must also include an
operational fire extinguisher. Check to ensure that the
service provider/contractor has installed an industrial
parts cabinet, industrial standard fire-rated garbage can,
and fire-rated containers for clean and dirty cleaning
cloths.
Ensure the machine room has adequate cross ventilation
with filters on the air intake and a heater for cold climatic
conditions. If necessary, seek advice from a professional
HVAC expert. The machine room door must be self-closing
and lockable with a specific key to prevent unauthorized
entry. It must also have appropriate signage Authorized
Personnel Only and No Unauthorized Goods to Be Stored.
Remember, the elevator machine room is not for storage.
Ensure that proper lighting is installed for both the

Floors shall be designed to carry a load of not less

than 350 kg/m2 over the whole area and also any
load which may be imposed thereon by the
equipment used in the machine room or by any
reaction from any such equipment both during
periods of normal operation and repair.
The side wall of the lift well may be made of
reinforced cement concrete at least 150 mm thick
so as to provide satisfactory anchoring
arrangement for fixing.
The angle of inclination of the stair leading to
machine room shall not exceed 50 from the
horizontal and the clear width of the stair shall be
not less than 600 mm.

Machine-Room-Less Technology
Introduced in the mid-1990s, machine-room-less
(MRL) technology was one of the biggest
advances in elevator design since they went
electric a century before. Miniaturization has
made it feasible to house the MRL machinery
right in the elevator shaft rather than in a costly
rooftop machine room. Incorporating a gearless
traction design, MRL elevators in some cases can
use up to 80% less energy than hydraulic lifts,
without the expense and environmental
headaches of oil-filled underground hydraulic
cylinders.

Machine Room-less (MRL) elevators

Machine room-less elevators are designed so that most
of the components fit within the shaft containing the
elevator car; and a small cabinet houses the elevator
controller. Other than the machinery being in the
hoistway, the equipment is similar to a normal traction
elevator. The benefits are:
creates more usable space
use less energy (70-80% less than hydraulic
elevators)
uses no oil
all components are above ground similar to roped
hydraulic type elevators (this takes away the
environmental concern that was created by the
hydraulic cylinder on direct hydraulic type elevators
being stored underground)
slightly lower cost than other elevators

Flat Roof

KONE, Inc. introduced the first MRL elevator and

places so much stock in the technology that the
company discontinued manufacturing hydraulic
elevators altogether. Its EcoSpace MRL elevator
design incorporates a low-friction, gearless
hoisting apparatus that prevents wear and
reduces energy consumption by half compared
to a geared system.
A machine-room-less elevator system by Otis,
the Gen2 system, is scalable to save energy in a
range of building heights. It too aspires to 50%
energy reduction over earlier systems, with the
added green bonus of lubrication-free operation
thanks to polyurethane coated-steel belts,

Machine-Room-Less Elevators
are traction elevators that do not
have a dedicated machine room
above the elevator shaft. The
machine sits in the override space
and is accessed from the top of
the elevator cab when
maintenance or repairs are
required. The control boxes are
located in a control room that is
adjacent to the elevator shaft on
the highest landing and within
around 150 feet of the machine.
Machine-room-less elevators have
a maximum travel distance of up
to 250 feet and can travel at
speeds up to 500 feet-per-minute.
MRL elevators are comparable to

Machine Room Less (MRL)

Detriments
Equipment can be harder to service and maintain.
No code has been approved for the installation of
residential elevator equipment.

Green Technologies in Lift Installations

Some estimates project that buildings
consume about 40% of the world's energy, and
elevators account for between 2% and 10% of
a building's energy use. The leading elevator
manufacturers are rising up to get those
numbers down.

Architects Mistake
The 47-story luxury In Tempo tower in Benidorm, Spain
was hyped as the tallest residential building in the
European Union. with its 47 stories soaring 188 meters
(677 feet).The architects forgot to put enough shaft for
lift.The now notorious mishap was caused by a mixture of
greed and incompetence. The In Tempo building was
originally planned to have only 20 stories. Wanting more
tenants and buyers, the client asked that the building be
enlarged. So the architect simply added 27 stories -without adapting the elevator shaft and lifting machinery
accordingly. Unbelievably, the oversight supposedly
wasn't spotted until January 2012 when the building was
already 110 meters tall.
The lifting mechanism that was originally installed for the
building had been designed to serve exactly 20 floors.
When the decision was made to add the extra stories, the

Lift Architrave or Facia

Provision for Physically Challenged Person

Braille Inscription in the Car Control
Ramp for wheel chair

Aesthetics and Economy