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Me 303 CH8
Me 303 CH8
Me 303 CH8
In this chapter; performance of engineering systems will be examined by using the first and second laws of the
thermodynamics together. Irreversibility and availability are very powerful tools in design and optimization of such
systems.
8.1 Reversible work: Maximum (or Minimum) amount of useful work (Wu) that can be
obtained from a reversible process between the specified initial and final states.
Wrev=(Wu)max, out
Wrev=(Wu)min, in
Actual work: is the amount of work that can be actually produced(or consumed)
through a real process. It can be evaluated for a system (Wsys) or a cv (Wcv) by using the
1st law.
(A) If the system has a moving boundary and the surrounding has no zero
pressure (i.e., no perfectly evacuated), the useful work is not equal to the system work evaluated from the 1 st
law. It must be re-calculated by considering the effects of surrounding pressure on the boundary. If we consider
an expansion process in a system, a non-zero surrounding pressure generates a resistive force to the expansion
movement of the system boundary. It can be so defined as follows:
W PdV (P P )dV P dV W P dV
sys
W W P dV W P (V V )
sys
W W W
u
sys
surr
where
surr
P (V V )
0
(B) If the system has no any moving boundary, then the system work becomes equal to
the useful work because the surrounding work is equal to zero.
Exergy: The useful work potential of a system at the specified state is called
exergy. Exergy is property and is associated with the state of the system and the surrounding. A system that is
in equilibrium with its surroundings has zero exergy and is said to be at dead state. So, exergy means availability.
8.4 Irreversibility (Lost work potential): is the lost work potential during a process as a
result of irreversibilities. Any difference between the reversible work, Wrev and the useful
work, Wu is due to the ireversibilities present during the process and this difference is
called as irreversibility (I).
I Wrev - Wu ...(kJ)
-W
....(kW)
OR I W
rev
u
OR
i w rev w u ...(kJ/kg)
OR
...(kW)
I T S
0
gen
Where the surrounding temperature and pressure can be assumed as T 0=250C=298.2 K & P0=1atm=101.3 kPa if
they are not specified.
Q surr
Q
(S 2 S1 ) sys
Tsurr
T0
V2
V2
1 Law : Q W m h e gZ m h i gZ m
e e 2
e
i i 2
i
st
V22
V12
u2
gZ 2 m1 u1
gZ1
2
2
2
Q
T0
th
th,rev
W
W
W
(W )
u
rev
max,out
COP
COP
rev
(W )
W
W
W
rev
u
min,in
Ws Wrev
Wa Wa
QL
Q
OR H
Win
Win
T
P
400
1000
s s1 - s o Cp,avln 1 Rln 1 1.005ln
0.287ln
0.372kJ/kg K
T
P
300
100
0
0
1 h1 h0 T0 s1 s0 Cp T1 To T0 s1 s0 1.005 400 300 300 0.372 212kJ/kg
w max,1 1 212kJ/kg
Example 8.2: You have a flow of steam from a geothermal field at 200 kPa, 600C, and 5
kg/s. Find the maximum amount of work that can be extracted from this resource. The
environment is at 20C and 100 kPa.
SOLUTION: So, To=293.2 K & Po=100 kPa. Here the dead state will be liquid water at
100 kPa and 20C. We will approximate the liquid water state as that of saturated liquid
at 20C. This is then just a steam table lookup with the values inserted in following
equation:
1 h1 h0 T0 s1 s 0 3704.0kJ/k g 83.96kJ/kg 293.2 8.777 0.2966kJ/k gK 1135.3kJ/k g
w max,1 1 1135.3 kJ/kg
w max,1 5kg/s 1135.3kJ/k g 5.68MW
Wmax,1 m
rev
max,1
h h T s s w
2
max,2
So this is the maximum work that can be estimated for steam passing between these
two states.
V=4 m
P1=100 kPa
T1=20 oC
0
w rev 1 2 u1 u2 T0 s1 s2 Po v1 v 2
T2=20 oC
By-pass valve
s1 0.8275 kJ/kgK
u2 h2 P2 v2 196.935 500x0.0356 46 179.112 kJ/kg
V1
4
20.276 kg
v1 0.197277
Compressor
s2 0.6999 kJ/kgK
Tank B
(A)
(B)
V3 VA VB 4 0.7228 4.7228 m3 v 3
V3 4.7228
0.23292 m3 /kg
m 20.276
v 3 0.23292 m3 /kg
P3 91.2 kPa by interpollation on Freon 12 table
T3 293.15K
h3 203.842 kJ/kg & s 3 0.8363 kJ/kgK
u3 h3 P3 v 3 203.842 91.2x0.232 92 182.6 kJ/kg
w rev2-3 2 3 u2 u3 T0 s 2 s 3 Po v 2 v 3
q
It can be checked as that; I To S gen mTo s 3 s 2 2-3 mTo s 3 s 2 Q 2-3
To
0
where Q 2-3 m u3 u2 W23 20.276 182.6 179.112 70.7 kJ
Example 8.5: A steam turbine receives 30 kg of steam per second at 3 MPa, 350 oC. At the point in the turbine
where the pressure is 0.5 MPa, steam is bled off for use in processing equipment at the rate of 5 kg/s. The
temperature of this bled steam is 200 oC. The remaining of the steam leaves the turbine at 15 kPa, 90% quality.
The heat transfer to the surroundings is 150 kW. Determine the availability per kg of the steam entering, and both
points at which steam leaves the turbine, the reversible work, and the irreversibility for the given change of state
and the second law efficiency for this process.
1 h1 h0 T0 s1 s0 3115.3 104.9 298.15 6.7428 0.3674 1109.6 kJ/kg
SOLUTION:
Control volume: Turbine
Inlet state: Fixed(P1&T1 known)
Exit states: Fixed(P2&T2 known)
(P3&x3known)
Process: SSSFP, KE= PE=0
Model: Steam tables
Analysis:
W
rev m11 m22 m3 3 30 1109.6 5 755.3 25 195.0 24637 kW
Qm
1h1 m
2h 2 m
3h3 150.0 30x3115.3 5x2855.4 25x2361.8
1st law W
cv
19987 kW
Qcv=-150kW
30 kg/s
CV
3 MPa, 350oC
TURBINE
5 kg/s
Wcv
W
W
19987
2 u cv
0.811
Wrev Wrev 24637
0
I W
W
W
(W
W
) 24637 19987 4650 kW
rev
u
rev
cv
surr
OR
It can be also calculated as that;
Q
I T S T m
m
s
m
s
0
gen
0
3
3
2
2
1 1
T
15
kPa,
x=90%
0
Po=100kPa&To=25oC
I 298.15 25 7.2831 5 7.0592 30 6.7428 150 4649 kW
Assumed as saturated liquid at 25oC
298.15
So; ho=104.9kJ/kg&so=0.3674kJ/kgK