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Ch13-Direct Time Study
Ch13-Direct Time Study
Chapter 13
Sections:
1. Direct Time Study Procedure
2. Number of Work Cycles to be Timed
3. Performance Rating
4. Time Study Equipment
13.1
Form to document
the standard method
13.2
Direct Time
Study Form
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11
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Example 1
Given: A direct time study was taken on a manual work
element using the snapback method. The regular cycle
consisted of three elements, a, b, and c. Element d is an
irregular element performed every five cycles.
Work element
a
b
c
d
Observed time (min) 0.56
0.25
0.50
1.10
Performance rating
100% 80% 110% 100%
Determine
(a) normal time
(b) standard time for the cycle using Apfd=0.15
Solution
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where
Tnw = normal time for worker (external) elements,
Tnwi = normal time for worker (internal) elements,
Tm = machine cycle time (assumed constant),
Am = machine allowance
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Example 2
a
0.22
b
0.65
c
0.47
d
0.75
100%
80%
m
1.56
100%
100%
(idle)
(idle)
(idle)
Determine (a) normal time and (b) standard time for the cycle
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Solution
(a) Normal time:
Tn =Ta(PR)+max{Tb(PR),Tm}+Tc(PR)+Td(PR)/n
Tn = 0.22(1.00) + max{0.65(0.80),1.56}
+ 0.47(1.0) + 0.75(1.0)/15 =
=0.22+1.56+0.47+0.05= 2.30 min
(b) Standard time:
Tstd = Tnw(1 + Apfd) + max{Tnwi(1 + Apfd),Tm(1 + Am)}
Tstd = (0.22+0.47+0.05)(1 + 0.15)
+ max{0.52(1+0.15), 1.56(1+0.20)}
=0.85+1.87=2.72 min
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x x
t / 2 s
kx
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Example 3
A time study analyst has collected 10 readings
on a particular work element of interest and
would like to consider how many more cycles
to time. Based on the sample, the mean time
for the elements is 0.40 min and the sample
standard deviation is 0.07 min. At a 95%
confidence level, how many cycles should be
timed to ensure the actual element time is
within 10% of the mean?
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Example: solution
We have 10-1=9 degrees of freedom in the t distribution, t/2 at the
95% confidence level (/2=0.025) is 2.262.
t / 2 s
n
kx
2.262(0.07)
n
15.7 16
(0.1)(0.40)
Since 10 cycles have already been timed, the analyst needs data
from 6 more cycles.
Now we are 95% confident that the true value of Te is within (0.040.1(0.04), 0.04+0.1(0.04))
That is, P(0.036 Te 0.044) 0.95
or P(0.036 Te 0.044) = 0.95
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Some insights
The statistical accuracy of the time data
increases with more observations
Spend more time in analyzing important
tasks; high production operations
Shorter work cycles allow more cycles to be
timed.
Tradeoff: Accuracy and precision vs. cost
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Stopwatch
Mechanical stopwatches
Electronic stopwatches
Scales
1. Decimal minutes
2. Decimal hours
2.
Video cameras
3.
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