G H PATEL COLLEGE OF

ENGINEERING &
MASS TECHNOLOGY
TRANSFER OPERATION
1 (2150501)
TOPIC
CRYSTALLIZATION CONCEPT,
TECHNIQUES AND PROCESSES
BRANCH : CHEMICAL
(5SEM)

PREPARED
BY:SR NO.

Name

Enrollment no

NISITH PATEL

140110105041

RAHUL PATEL

140110105042

SAGAR PATEL

140110105043

VASHISHTHA PATEL

140110105044

VISHAL PATEL

140110105045

CRYSTALLIZATION: This process is the opposite process than the dissolution of a solid
into liquid.
Process of production of crystals from solution or malt is known as
crystallization.
This is the solid-liquid separation process in which the mass transfer
of solute from the solution is occurs and form a crystal.
Process where a solid forms, where the atoms or molecules are highly
organized in a structure known as a crystal.

COUNTINUE
In this process, supersaturation of a solution is driving force.
Because of this driving force the particles of solute are attracts
towards the surface of the excess crystals in solution.
According to Gibbs Thompson equation the solubility of the smaller
particle is more than normal particle. Because of this the saturation
level is increases and the growth of crystal is also increases.
Where, Mw is molecular weight of solid, C is Solubility of a particle of
radius r, Cs is normal solubility, is solid-liquid interface tension, T
is absolute temperature, c is density of the particle.
The overall process consists of dissolution of smaller particles
making the larger particles grow. This is called Ostwald ripening

COUNTINUE
The phase diagram of the of naphthalene-benzene binary system is
given in below figure to understand the characteristics of phase
diagram.

COUNTINUE
For the metastable region, the crystallization is illustreated in below
figure.

Techniques
The process steps for this type of mass transfer operation are as
follows.
Supersaturation is established
Nucleation
Crystal Growth

Every crystallization techniques contains this three steps. And other

are introduced according to techniques.

COUNTINUE
Nucleation: Nucleation means formation of tiny new crystals in a supersaturated solution.
Thus formed new crystals are called nucleus.
The different types of nucleation are given in the below figure.

COUNTINUE
Primary Nucleation: The phenomenon of formation of new crystals independent of the presence of other
crystal.
Homogeneous solution has its origin in clusters of solute molecules or ions which
are formed in solution.
The theoretical rate of homogeneous nucleation can be derived from energy
consideration.

Where, vw is volume of molecular, A is constant, k is boltzman constant, T is

absolute temperature.
Supersaturation level is also effect the crystallization.
Viscosity is also effect the rate of crystallization.
The crystals are form on tiny suspended solid or on crystallizers surface is called
Heterogeneous nucleation.
This type of nucleation depends on available active sites for nucleation.

COUNTINUE
Secondary Nucleation: The phenomenon of formation of new crystal from existing one is called secondary
nucleation.
Two important ways for this type of nucleation is
(1) Fracture and Attrition.
(2) Contact nucleation.
More nuclei are formed by contact nucleation than by Fracture and Attrition.
Low kinetic order and rate-proportional to supersaturation, allowing easy control without
unstable operation.
Occurs at low supersaturation, where growth rate is optimum for good quality.
Low necessary energy at which crystals strike avoids the breaking of existing crystals into
new crystals.
The quantitative fundamentals have already been isolated and are being incorporated into
practice.

COUNTINUE

CRYSTAL
GROWTH
Once the first small crystal, the nucleus, forms it acts as a
convergence point (if unstable due to supersaturation)
for molecules of solute touching or adjacent to the crystal so
that it increases its own dimension in successive layers.
Two important theories for crystal growth
1) the adsorption theory
2) the mass transfer theory

CRYSTAL SIZE AND

SHAPE FACTOR
Shape factor or sphericity, s is used to calculate

the ratio of the total surface (SP) of a crystal to the

crystal volume where SP = Dp2 and Vp = 1/6
Dp3 where Dp is the diameter of crystal.
The ratio Sp/Vp is very important parameter in

any surface related phenomenon. Product

containing smaller crystals is more soluble than
that of bigger crystals since surface area per unit
volume (Sp/Vp) is greater is smaller particles.

Crystallization process
Two main families of crystallization processes:
1)Cooling crystallization.
2)Evaporative crystallization.

COUNTINUE
Evaporation crystallization: At an approximately constant temperature, the precipitation
of the crystals by increasing the solute concentration above
the solubility threshold. To obtain this, the solute/solvent
mass ratio is increased using the technique of evaporation
Most industrial crystallizers are of the evaporative type,
such as the very large sodium chloride and sucrose units,
whose production accounts for more than 50% of the total
world production of crystals.

COUNTINUE
Cooling crystallization: cooling involves dissolving the impure solid in a minimum amount of a hot solvent
and allowing the resulting solution to cool slowly to room temperature. During the
cooling process, pure (or almost pure) crystals form and are then collected by vacuum
filtration.
whenever the conditions are favourable, crystal formation results from simply cooling
the solution.
There are of course limitation in the use of cooling crystallization:
Many solutes precipitate in hydrate form at low temperatures: in the previous example
this is acceptable, and even useful, but it may be detrimental when, for example, the
mass of water of hydration to reach a stable hydrate crystallization form is more than
the available water: a single block of hydrate solute will be formed this occurs in the
case of calcium chloride
Maximum supersaturation will take place in the coldest points. These may be the heat
exchanger tubes which are sensitive to scaling, and heat exchange may be greatly
reduced or discontinues

APPLICATION
In food industry crystallization process is used for two specific

purposes. Firstly, it is used to separate out a solid phase of different

composition from liquid phase and one or both the fractions may be
valuable.
crystallization may serve for the recovery of crystalline products
(sugar, glucose, lactose, citric acid, salt), for the removal of certain
undesirable components or for modification of certain food products
in order to obtain a desirable structure

Thank You