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Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)
RESONANCE (NMR)
Ahmad Iqbal Hamami 3715100014
Hanif Fajrul Falah
3715100016
Trinanda Rizqita R F
3715100049
NMR?
Magnetic Moment
First step is to align the nuclear magnet with a strong magnetic field. All the
magnets are in a uniform equilibrium state
Second step, is to apply another magnetic field at 90 degrees to the first, and
in resonance with the nuclear motion
When Nuleus is tipped away from the direction of strong magnetic field, it
precesses. The precession speed depends on:
Thats the frequency we must apply to get the nucleus tipped away from the
main magnetic field and precesses
B0 and B1
RELAXATION
Relaxation describes how quickly spins forget the direction which they are
oriented
T1
T2
T1 Relaxation
The decay constant for the recovery of Z component of the nuclear spin M z
towards its equilibrium value
T2 Relaxation
Spin Echo
The NMR signal observed following an initial excitation pulse decays with time
due to both spin relaxation and any inhomogeneous effects which cause
different spins in the sample to precess at different rates
CPMG Steps
The duration determines how far the protons are tipped relative to the B 0
field.
The Maximum NMR signal is received when the protons are tipped by an angle
of 90o
In the beginning, all protons precess in unison with the same frequency
B1
is
A relaxation is observed
The time between two 180o pulses is the inter-echo time (TE)
After several refocusing, protons lost their coherence, CMPG pulse sequence
is finished
Parameters
TW (wait time) the time between the last CMPG 180o pulse and the first CMPG
pulse
TR // TX (experiment repetition time) the time for one sequence from the
beginning of one pulse sequence to the start of the next pulse sequence
Then?
Overview
The
The
The
Overview
Fluids and their interaction in rock pores control the relaxation process, by
three independent mechanisms:
Bulk Fluid processes (affects both T1 and T2 relaxation): this process is controlled
by type and properties of the fluid in the pores
Bulk Relaxation
Fluid composition
Viscosity
Density
temperature
Surface Relaxation
Controlled by
Diffusion-Induced Relaxation
Gas, Gas condensate, Light Oil, Water, Medium viscosity oils show diffusion
induced relaxation in a gradient magnetic field
The longer the TE spacing, the more pronounced the diffusion effect
Magnetic susceptibility contrast between different grains, the grain material, and
pore-filling fluids in porous rocks
Rules for D:
Gas D \\ pressure
Shortest T2
Medium T2
Long T2
The process is a partitioning of the relaxation curve into the individual relaxation
contributions from different fluid types and pore size distributions.
The amplitude of the received NMR signal is scaled directly in porosity units
Porosity, proportional to the strength of NMR echo train at t = 0. This value corresponds to
the area under T2
T2 distribution, composed by the individual constituent and related to tthree main effect:
Bulk relaxation, surface relaxation, and diffusion relaxation. Inversion allows the separate
interpretation of the 3 effects
BVI vs BVM; both can be estimated by partitioning the T2 distribution (can also be
interpreted as pore-size distribution
Permeability, not directly with NMR, but estimated on the basis of T1 and/or T2, porosity
and Pore size (BVM,BVI)
The regions between CBW, BVI, and BVM are separated by cutoffs which
depend on the specific internal surface and surface relaxation
Cutoff BVI/BVM: for faster decaying clastics about 33 ms, for slower decaying
carbonates about 90 ms
Applications
Porosity
Porefilling fluids
Petrophysical properties
NMR data can be controlled using acquisition parameters (TE and TW)
Relaxation times with different pore sizes and water volumes allows
determination of:
Volume of CBW
Volume of BVI
Volume of BVM
NMR derived pore geometric properties and the properties like permeability and capillary
pressure are controlled by two different pore size measures:
NMR derived properties are referred to SSA, which is controlled by the pore body size
Coates Model
From measured NMR relaxation curves, pore size can be derived, which
primarily is controlled by the pore-body sie
Kenyon and Marshall compared the relaxation time distribution with thinsection images and results of mercury injection measurements and discusses
the differences:
The equation for surface relaxation with SSA as controlling pore geometric
parameter:
Dual TW technique, Dual wait time: uses the T1 contrast between the
nonwetting light hydrocarbons and the wetting phase (water).