Teknik Akuisisi Data

Temperature Measurement
Disusun Oleh:
1. Restu Alkhariti 140120201004
2. Irma Septiana.L 140120201034
3. Jeremya Lukmanto Saputra

Temperature Measurement
Temperature is a useful measure of the thermodynamic state of an object or
system. It is a macroscopic description of the aggregate amount of microscopic kinetic
energy in a material. If two bodies are at the same temperature, they are in
thermodynamic equilibrium with each other, if they were connected to each other, there
is no net flow of heat from one to the other.

Interestingly, temperature is not a measure of the unit thermodynamic

energy of a body, unit masses of differing materials can require differing amounts of
energy to be added or removed to change their temperature by a given amount.
Identical temperature of two bodies merely implies there would be no transfer of heat
between the two, regardless of the actual energy stored as heat in each body.
The International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90) is the current
standard for temperature measurement, defining the kelvin temperature scale. The
standard is based on phase transition points of various pure substances, with the
kelvin degree defined as 1/273.16 the absolute temperature of the triple point of water.

Common Temperature Measurement Devices;

1. Thermocouples
2. Resistance Temperature Devices (RTDs)
3. Thermistor

Thermocouples
The most commonly used temperature sensors are thermocouples because
they are accurate, operate over a wide temperature range from below -200C to over
2000C, and are relatively inexpensive.

A thermocouple with wire and plug

Construction and Working

Thermocouple is created with two dissimilar metals that are welded
together producing a small potential difference (mV) as a function of
temperature. One junction is maintained at a constant temperature
called the reference (cold) junction, while the other is the measuring
(hot) junction. With the difference of temperature between the two
junctions, a voltage is developed across the junction which is used to
measure the temperature. The voltage difference between the two
junctions is called the Seebeck effect.

Construction of a Thermocouple
If both junctions are at the same temperature, the potential different across the
junctions is zero, i.e. V1 = V2. However, when junctions are at different
temperatures connected in a circuit, the output voltage is relative to the
temperature difference between the two junctions, i.e. V1 V2.

Types of Thermocouples
Thermocouples are available in different temperature ranges and materials;
therefore there are different types of thermocouples available for specific
applications as set by international standards. Type J and K are the most
commonly used thermocouples.
Code Type
E
J
K
N
T
U

Conductors (+/-)
Nickel Chromium / Constantan
Iron / Constantan
Nickel Chromium / Nickel Aluminium
Nicrosil / Nisil
Copper / Constantan
Copper / Copper Nickel Compensating forS and R

Sensitivity
-200 to 900 C
0 to 750 C
-200 to 1250 C
0 to 1250 C
-200 to 350 C
0 to 1450 C

2. RTD Temperature Measurement

Resistance temperature detectors (RTDs) are composed of metals
with a high positive temperature coefficient of resistance. Most RTDs are simply wire
wound or thin film resistors made of material with a known resistance versus
temperature relationship. The accuracy of RTDs varies widely; the most accurate are
also used as NIST temperature standards.
Platinum is one of the most widely used materials for RTDs. Platinum RTD
resistances range from about 10 for a birdcage configuration to 10 k for a film type,
but the most common is 100 at 0 C. Commercial platinum wire has a standard
temperature coefficient, , of 0.00385 //C, and chemically pure platinum has a
coefficient of 0.00392 //C.

The following equation shows the relationship between

the sensors relative change in resistance with a change in
temperature at a specific and nominal sensor resistance.
R = RoT
Where:
= temperature coefficient, // C
Ro = nominal sensor resistance at 0 C,
T = change in temperature from 0 C, C
Equation 2: RTD Temperature Coefficient.

Resistive Temperature Detectors (RTD)

Resistive Temperature Detectors (RTDs) are electrical resistance temperature sensors
made of films or coils of metal, such as platinum whose electrical resistance is a function of
temperature.

Resistive Temperature Detector (RTD)

RTDs have positive temperature coefficients (PTC) and unlike thermistors, they provide
accurate temperature measurements since they have linear output. However, they have poor
sensitivity producing a small output change, for example 1/C for a change in temperature.
Pt100 is the most commonly available sensor with a standard resistance value of 100 at
0C. The main disadvantage is its high cost.

Advantages of RTDs;
1. Wide temperature range from -200 to 650C
2. Provides a high output for a current drop
3. More linear compared to thermocouples and thermistors
How to Use RTDs?
RTDs are passive resistor devices like thermistors and current is passed through the
sensor to obtain an output voltage that is linearly related to the temperature. However, an
error can occur in the reading due to the resistance variation caused by the self heating of the
current flowing through the resistive wires. To overcome this problem, RTD is connected in a
resistive bridge network with additional connecting wires for lead compensation and/or
addition of a constant current source.

3. Thermistor
Thermistor is a temperature sensitive resistor that changes its physical resistance
with the change in temperature. Generally, thermistors are made from ceramic material
semiconductor, such as cobalt, manganese or nickel oxides coated in glass. It is formed into
small pressed hermetically sealed discs that give relatively fast response to any temperature
changes.

NTC Type Thermistor (Epcos)

Due to the semiconductor material properties, thermistors have a negative

temperature coefficient (NTC). The resistance decreases with the increase in temperature.
However, there are also thermistors available with positive temperature coefficient (PTC),
their resistance increases with the increase in temperature.

NTC Thermistor graph with resistance as a function of temperature (Thermodisc)

Advantages of Thermistors;
1. Better speed of response to changes in temperature, accuracy & repeatability.
2. Inexpensive compared to RTDs
3. Higher resistance in the range of 2,000 to 10,000 ohms
4. Much higher sensitivity (~200 /C) within a limited temperature range of up to
300 C.
Resistance vs. Temperature
For a value of resistance, the temperature is found by the following equation:

where A,B,C are formula constants, R is resistance in Ohms and T is temperature in

Kelvin.

In the NTC thermistor datasheets, A,B and C constants are generally given and
you can easily calculate the temperature from a measured resistance or vice versa. If those
constants are not provided, you can use three samples from Resistance-Temperature table
and calculate these values.
How to Use a Thermistor?
Thermistors are rated by their resistive value at room temperature (25oC), time
constant, and power rating. Thermistor is a passive resistive device, therefore, it requires
current to produce an output voltage. Generally, they are connected in series with a
suitable biasing resistor forming a potential divider network.

Example:
Consider a thermistor with a resistance value of 2.2K at 25C and 50 at 80C.
Thermistor is connected in series with a 1k resistor across a 5V power supply.

Hence, its output voltage can be calculated as follows:

At 25C, RNTC = 2200;
At 80C, RNTC = 50;

By replacing the fixed resistor value with a potentiometer, we can obtain a voltage
output at a predetermined temperature. However, it is important to note that standard
resistance values are different at room temperature for different thermistors since they are
non-linear. Thermistor has an exponential change with temperature; therefore it has a Beta
temperature constant () that is used to calculate its resistance for a given temperature.
However, in a voltage divider network, the obtained current for the applied voltage is linear
with temperature, thus the output voltage across the resistor and temperature are linearly
related.

SELESAI.
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