STEAM

GENERATOR
S OR
BOILERS

Aboilerorsteam generatoris a device used to

createsteamby applyingheat energytowater.

A steam generator generates steam at the desired rate at

the desired pressure and temperature by burning fuel in its
furnace.

It is mainly of 2 types :

1.

Fossil fuel steam generators

2.

Nuclear fuel steam generators

Steam Fundamentals

Water in the vapor form is called steam

Steam generation is the process of turning water
into steam by the application of heat (sensible
heat + latent heat).

Steam Fundamentals

If the steam produced is free of water at

the boiling temperature, it is said to be
dry saturated steam.

When the steam contains some water

mist, it is said to be wet steam.

If the steam is heated above its boiling

temperature, it is said to be
superheated.

AN INDUSTRIAL
BOILER
USUALLY MADE OF ALLOYS OR
SUPER-ALLOYS

TYPES OF STEAM
GENERATORS
BASED ON APPLICATION:

UTILITY

INDUSTRIAL

MARINE

BASED ON RELATIVE FLOWS OF

PRODUCTS OF
COMBUSTION

FIRE TUBE BOILERS

Here hot flue gases flow through
tubes surrounded by water in a
shell

WATER TUBE BOILERS

Here water from a drum flows
through the tubes and hot flue
gases flow over them.

WATER TUBE BOILERS

Water tube boilers were developed to permit

increases in boiler pressure and capacity with
reasonable metal stresses.

Different types include :

I.

Straight tube boiler

II.

Bent tube boiler

STRAIGHT TUBE
BOILER

A FOUR DRUM
BENT TUBE
BOILER

HEAT ABSORPTION IN
WATER TUBE BOILERS
FEEDWATER IS HEATED BY THREE KINDS
OF HEAT EXCHANGERS :
ECONOMISER
EVAPORATOR
SUPER-HEATER

HEAT ABSORTION
IN A WATER TUBE
BOILER

ECONOMISERS
AN ECONOMISER IS A HEAT EXCHANGER THAT
RAISES THE TEMPERATURE OF THE FEEDWATER.
THE ECONOMISER IS PLACED BETWEEN
CONVECTIVE SUPER-HEATER AND AIR PREHEATER.

SUPER HEATERS
IT IS A HEAT EXCHANGER IN WHICH HEAT IS
TRANSFERRED TO THE SATURATED STEAM
TO INCREASE ITS TEMPERATURE.
IT INCREASES THE OVERALL EFFICIENCY
AND REDUCES MOISTURE IN THE LAST
STAGES.

FLUIDISED BED BOILERS

They produce steam from fossil fuels and waste

fuels by using a technique called fluidised bed
combustion.

They can be of 2 types:

1.

Bubbling fluidised bed boilers

2.

Circulating fluidised bed boilers

AN ATMOSPHERIC
BUBBLING FLUIDISED
BED BOILER

CIRCULATING
FLUIDISED BED
BOILER

EVAPORATION

Evaporation of pre-treated water by motive

steam bled from the turbine is often used where
the boiler make-up water treatment is not large.

Both evaporated water and condensed steam

exiting the evaporator are fed back as make-up
into the plant.

SINGLE EFFECT
SUBMERGED
EVAPORATOR

DEAERATOR

It is a feedwater heater that is a contact type

open heater.

It involves heating the water to remove gases

like oxygen and carbon dioxide that make water
corrosive as they react with metal to form iron
oxide.

These are removed by heating to saturation

temperature by the steam extracted from the
turbine.