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Sistem Pencernaan MB Tik
Sistem Pencernaan MB Tik
PENCERNAAN
Absorb nutrients
Release of waste
The GI tract
(gastrointestinal tract)
The accessory
digestive organs
Supply secretions
contributing to the
breakdown of food
Teeth & tongue
Salivary glands
Gallbladder
Liver
The Digestive
Process
Ingestion
Swallowing
Peristalsis propulsion by alternate
contraction &relaxation
Mechanical digestion
Chewing
Churning in stomach
Mixing by segmentation
Chemical digestion
Absorption
Defecation
Chemical digestion
Complex food molecules
(carbohydrates, proteins and lipids)
broken down into chemical building
blocks (simple sugars, amino acids, and
fatty acids and glycerol)
Carried out by enzymes secreted by
digestive glands into lumen of the
alimentary canal
5
Ways to divide.
The more common
Plus:
epigastric
periumbilical
suprapubic
flank
1. Mucosa
2. Submucos
a
3. Muscularis
externa
4. Serosa
from lumen (inside)
out
7
Three sub-layers
*
1. Lining
epithelium
2. Lamina propria
3. Muscularis
mucosae
Lamina propria
Loose connective tissue with nourishing and
absorbing capillaries
Contains most of mucosa-associated lymphoid
tissue (MALT)
Muscularis mucosae
Connective
tissue
containing
major blood and
lymphatic
vessels and
nerves
Many elastic
fibers so gut can
regain shape
after food
10
Outer longitudinal11
Simple squamous
epithelium
(mesothelium)
Thin layer of
areolar connective
tissue underneath
Exceptions:
*
Parts not in
peritoneal cavity
have adventitia,
lack serosa
Some have both,
e.g. retroperitoneal
organs
12
Smooth muscle
Smooth muscle
The Mouth
Mouth = oral
cavity
Lining: thick
stratified
squamous
epithelium
Lips- orbicularis
oris muscle
Cheeks
buccinator
15
Vermillion border or
red border
Between highly
keratinized skin of face
and mucosa of mouth
Needs moisture
Uvula
16
Tongue
Mostly muscles
17
Teeth
Called dentition (like dentist)
Teeth live in sockets (alveoli) in the
gum-covered margins of the
mandible and maxilla
Chewing: raising and lowering the
mandible and moving it from side to
side while tongue positions food
between teeth
18
Teeth
Two sets
Primary or deciduous
Baby teeth
Start at 6 months
20 are out by about 2
years
Fall out between 2-6
years
Permanent: 32 total
All but 3rd set of molars
by end of adolescence
3rd set = wisdom teeth
Variable
Some can be
19
incisor
canine
premolar
molar
Incisors: chisel-shaped
for chopping off pieces
Canines: cone shaped
to tear and pierce
Premolars (bicuspids)
and
Molars - broad crowns
with 4-5 rounded cusps
for grinding
Cusps are surface bumps
20
Tooth structure
A. Crown (exposed)
B. Root (in socket)
C. Meet at neck
Enamel
21
Tooth structure
Cementum bone
layer of tooth root
Attaches tooth to
periodontal ligament
Periodontal
ligament
Anchors tooth in
boney socket of the
jaw
Continuous with
gingiva (gums)
22
Salivary glands
(tuboalveolar glands)
Intrinsic salivary
glands within
mucosa
Secrete saliva all the
time to keep mouth
moist
Extrinsic salivary
glands
Paired (2 each)
Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual
+
#
Pharynx
___oropharynx
___laryngopharynx
Oropharynx and
laryngopharynx
Stratified squamous
epithelium
Three constrictor
muscles*
Sequentially squeeze
bolus of food into
esophagus
Are skeletal muscles
*
*
*
Voluntary action
Vagus nerve (X)
25
Esophagus
Continuation of pharynx
in mid neck
Muscular tube collapsed
when lumen empty
Esophagus___________
Descends through
thorax
On anterior surface of
vertebral column
Behind (posterior to)
trachea
26
Esophagus continued
Passes through esophageal hiatus in the
diaphragm to enter the abdomen
Abdominal part only 2 cm long
Joins stomach at cardiac orifice*
___________________esophageal hiatus
(hiatus means opening)
27
Esophagus histology
29
Stomach
J-shaped; widest part of alimentary canal
Temporary storage and mixing 4 hours
Into chyme
Stomach
Lies mostly in LUQ
epigastrium
dome
31
32
Stomach Regions
Cardiac region
Fundus (dome shaped)
Body
Greater curvature
Lesser curvature
Pyloric region
Antrum
Canal
Sphincter
dome
junction
with
esophag
contains
us
pyloric
sphincter
funnel shaped
33
Rugae: longitudinal
folds on internal
surface (helps
distensibility)
Muscularis: additional
innermost oblique
layer (along with
circular and
longitudinal layers)
34
Histology of
stomach
Simple columnar
epithelium: secrete
bicarbonatebuffered mucus
Gastric pits opening
into gastric glands
Mucus neck cells
Parietal cells
HCL
Intrinsic factor
(for B12 absorption)
Chief cells
Pepsinogen
(activated to pepsin
with HCL)
Stimulated by
gastrin: a stomach
hormone
35
Small intestine
Longest part of alimentary canal
(2.7-5 m)
Most enzymatic digestion occurs
here
Most enzymes secreted by pancreas, not
small intestine
36
mesenteric artery;
Veins drain into hepatic
portal vein
37
*
Lacteal*: network of
blood and lymph
capillaries
-Carbs and proteins into blood
to liver via hepatic portal vein
-Fat into lymph: fat-soluble
toxins e.g. pesticides circulate
systemically before going to
Absorptivie
cell with
microvilli to
increase
surface
area &
many
mitochondr
ia: nutrient
uptake is
energydemanding
38
Intestinal crypts
Cells here divide every 3-6 days to renew epithelium (most rapidly dividing
cells of the body)
Secrete watery intestinal juice which mixes with chyme (the paste that food
becomes after stomach churns it)
Duodenal glands
Mucus to counteract
acidity from stomach
Hormones:
Cholecystokinin (stimulates
GB to release stored bile, also
pancreas)
Secretin (stimulates
*
*
-have
many
mitochon
dria:
nutrient
-produce
uptake
is
mucus
energydemandin
39
40
41
42
Large intestine
Digested residue reaches it
Main function: to absorb water
and electrolytes
Subdivisions
Cecum
Appendix
Colon
Rectum
Anal canal
43
Three
special
features
3.
2.
1.
44
Colon has segments: ascending, transverse and descending colon; then sigmoid colon
Right angle turns: hepatic flexure* in RUQ and splenic flexure* in LUQ
*
*
Between
ileum and
cecum
1st part
S-shaped
Blind tube
45
Rectum
In pelvis
No teniae
Strong longitudinal
muscle layer
Has valves
Anal canal
Pectinate line*
Inferior to it:
sensitive to pain
Hemorrhoids (enlarged
veins)
Superior to
pectinate line:
internal
Inferior to pectinate
line: external
Sphincters (close
opening)
Internal*
*
*
smooth muscle
involuntary
External*
skeletal muscle
voluntary
46
Defecation
1. Triggered by stretching
of wall, mediated by
spinal cord
parasympathetic reflex
2. Stimulates contraction of
smooth muscle in wall
and relaxation of
internal anal sphincter
3. If convenient to defecate
voluntary motor neurons
stimulate relaxation of
external anal sphincter
(aided by diaphragm
and abdominal wall
muscles -called Valsalva
47
maneuver)
Fewer nutrients
absorbed
Columnar cells in
pic = absorptive
cells
Take in water and
electrolytes
More lymphoid
tissue
A lot of bacteria in
48
The Liver
Largest gland in the
body (about 3 pounds)
Over 500 functions
Inferior to diaphragm
in RUQ and epigastric
area protected by ribs
R and L lobes
Plus 2 smaller lobes
Falciform ligament
2 surfaces
Diaphragmatic
Visceral
Covered by
peritoneum
49
posterior
anterior
50
Fetal
circulation
___________
Umbilical vein
Ligamentum
teres__________
Navel_______
51
52
Produces bile
Picks up glucose from blood
Stores glucose as glycogen
Processes fats and amino acids
Stores some vitamins
Detoxifies poisons and drugs
Makes the blood proteins
53
Liver histology
Liver lobules (about one million of them)
Hexagonal solid made of sheets of
hepatocytes (liver cells) around a central vein
Corners of lobules have portal triads
(see next pic)
54
Portal triad
Portal arteriole
Portal venule
Branch of hepatic
portal vein
Delivers
substances from
intestines for
processing by
hepatocytes
Bile duct
Liver sinusoids
Large capillaries
between plates of
hepatocytes
Contribute to
central vein and
ultimately to
hepatic veins and
IVC
Kupffer cells
Liver macrophages
Old blood cells and
microorganisms
removed
55
56
57
Gallbladder*
58
59
60
one acinus
Pancreatic
exocrine function
Compound acinar
(sac-like) glands
opening into large
ducts (therefore
exocrine)
Acinar cells make 22
kinds of enzymes
Stored in zymogen
granules
Grape-like
arrangement
Enzymes to
61
62
Endocrine cells:
63
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