AUTOMATIC CONTROL

Slides 3:
Reduction of Multiple Systems
1. Block diagram
2. Signal flow diagram

Department of Electrical Engineering

Mutah University

1. Block diagram

Introduction

A Block Diagram is a shorthand pictorial representation of the

cause-and-effect relationship of a system.

The interior of the rectangle representing the block usually contains

a description of or the name of the element, or the symbol for the
mathematical operation to be performed on the input to yield the
output.

The arrows represent the direction of information or signal flow.

Example-1

Consider the following equations in which x 1, x2, x3, are variables,

and a1, a2 are general coefficients or mathematical operators.

x3 a1 x1 a 2 x 2 5

Components of a block diagram for a linear, time-invariant system

Block Diagram Manipulation (reduction)

We often represent control systems using block

diagrams. A block diagram consists of blocks that
represent transfer functions of the different
variables of interest.
If a block diagram has many blocks, not all of
which are in cascade, then it is useful to have rules
for rearranging the diagram such that you end up
with only one block.

Combining blocks in series

a. Cascaded subsystems;
b. equivalent transfer function

1.

Combining blocks in parallel

a. Parallel subsystems;
b. equivalent transfer function

Block diagram algebra for summing junctions

equivalent forms for moving a block
a. to the left past a summing junction;
b. to the right past a summing junction

Eliminating a feedback loop

Combining summing points

a. Feedback control system;

b. simplified model;
c. equivalent transfer function

Problem: Reduce the block diagram shown in figure to a single transfer

function

Block diagram reduction via familiar forms for Example5.1 Cont.

Steps in solving Example 5.1:

a. collapse summing junctions;
b. form equivalent cascaded system
in the forward path
c. form equivalent parallel system in
the feedback path;
d. form equivalent feedback system
and multiply by cascadedG1(s)

Block diagram reduction by moving blocks Example 5.2

Problem: Reduce the block diagram shown in figure to a single transfer
function

Steps in the block diagram reduction for Example 5.2

a) Move G2(s) to the left past of
pickoff point to create parallel
subsystems, and reduce the feedback
system of G3(s) and H3(s)
b) Reduce parallel pair of 1/G2(s)
and unity, and push G1(s) to the right
past summing junction
c) Collapse the summing junctions,
add the 2 feedback elements, and
combine the last 2 cascade blocks
d) Reduce the feedback system to
the left
e) finally, Multiple the 2 cascade
blocks and obtain final result.

block diagram: reduction example

H2
C

R
+_

G1

H1

G2

G3

block diagram: reduction example

H2
G1
C

R
+_

G1
H1

G2

G3

block diagram: reduction example

H2
G1
C

R
+_

G1G2
H1

G3

block diagram: reduction example

H2
G1
C

R
+_

G1G2

H1

G3

block diagram: reduction example

H2
G1
_

R
+_

G1G2
1 G1G2 H1

C
G3

block diagram: reduction example

H2
G1
_

R
+_

G1G2G3
1 G1G2 H1

block diagram: reduction example

R
+_

G1G2G3
1 G1G2 H1 G2G3 H 2

block diagram: reduction example

G1G2G3
1 G1G2 H1 G2G3 H 2 G1G2G3