Johannes Gutenburg

(1398 to 3 Feb 1468)

German blacksmith, goldsmith, printer, and
publisher who invented the first printing
press.
His introduction of mechanicalmovable type
printing to Europe started the
Printing Revolutionand is widely regarded as
the most important invention of the second
millennium
Gutenbergs printing press revolutionised the
creation of books and helped make them
affordable, ushering in a new era of
affordable books and literature.
The key element of the printing press was the
use of moveable type printing adjustable
wooden characters (later metal), the use of
an oil based ink and a wooden printing press,
derived from the screw presses used in
agriculture.

Johannes Kepler
(27 December 1571 to 15 November 1630)
He was a Mathematician, Astronomer and
Astrologer.
known for hislaws of planetary motion, based on
his worksAstronomia nova,Harmonices Mundi,
andEpitome of Copernican Astronomy. These works
also provided one of the foundations forIsaac
Newton's theory ofuniversal gravitation.

Albert Einstein
(14 March 1979 to 18 April 1955)
He developed thegeneral theory of relativity, one of the two pillars
ofmodern physics(alongsidequantum mechanics).
Einstein is best known in popular culture for hismassenergy
equivalenceformulaE=mc2(which has been dubbed "the world's
most famous equation").
He received the 1921Nobel Prize in Physicsfor his "services to
theoretical physics
Einstein publishedmore than 300 scientific papers along with over 150
non-scientific works.
He explained ofparticle theory and themotion of molecules.
He also investigated the thermal properties of light which laid the
foundation of thephotontheory of light.
Einstein applied the general theory of relativity to model the largescale structure of theuniverse.

Wilhelm Conrad Rntgen

(27 March 1845 to 10 Feb. 1923)
was a Germanmechanical engineerandphysicist, who, on 8 November
1895, produced and detectedelectromagnetic radiationin
awavelengthrange known asX-raysor Rntgen rays, an achievement
that earned him the firstNobel Prize in Physicsin 1901.
In honour of his accomplishments, in 2004 theInternational Union of
Pure and Applied Chemistry(IUPAC) namedelement111,roentgenium,
a radioactive element with multiple unstable isotopes, after him.

Friedrich Whler
(31 July 1800 to 23 Sept 1882)
He is known for synthesis of Urea in 1828.
This discovery has become celebrated as a refutation ofvitalism, the
hypothesis that living things are alive because of some special "vital
force".
Whler was also known for being a co-discoverer
ofberyllium,siliconandsilicon nitride.

Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck

(23 April1858 to 4 October 1927)
He won Nobel Prize for his work on Quantum Theory.
his fame as a physicist rests primarily on his role as an originator of
quantum theory, which revolutionized human understanding of atomic
and subatomic processes. However, his name is also known on a
broader academic basis, through the renaming in 1948 of the German
scientific institution, theKaiser Wilhelm Society(of which he was twice
president), as theMax Planck Society(MPS). The MPS now includes 83
institutions representing a wide range of scientific directions.

Justus Freiherr von Liebig

(12 May 1803 to 18 April 1873)
German chemist who made major contributions to Agricultural
and Biological chemistry.
Considered as founder of Organic chemistry.
He has been described as the "father of thefertilizerindustry" for
his emphasis onnitrogenandtrace minerals as essential
plantnutrients, and his formulation of theLaw of the
Minimumwhich described how plant growth relied on the
scarcest nutrient resource (limiting factor), rather than the total
amount of resources available.

Georg Ohm
(16 March 1789 to 6 july 1854)
Georg Simon Ohm, more commonly known as Georg Ohm,
was a German physicist, best known for his Ohms Law,
which implies that the current flow through a conductor is
directly proportional to the potential difference (voltage) and
inversely proportional to the resistance. The physical unit of
electrical resistance, the Ohm, also was named after him..
As a school teacher, Ohm began his research with the new
electrochemical cell, invented by Italian scientist
Alessandro Volta. Using equipment of his own creation, Ohm
found that there is a direct proportionality between the
potential difference (voltage) applied across a conductor and
the resultantelectric current. This relationship is known
asOhm's law.
The potential difference (voltage) across an ideal
conductor is proportional to the current through it.
The constant of proportionality is called the "resistance",R.
Ohm's Law is given by:
V=IR
where V is the potential difference between two points which
include aresistanceR. I is the current flowing through the
resistance. For biological work, it is often preferable to use
theconductance, g = 1/R; In this form Ohm's Law is:I = g V

Wilhelm Ostwald
(2 September 1853 to 4 April 1932)
He was a German Chemist. He received theNobel
Prize in Chemistryin 1909 for his work
oncatalysis,chemical equilibriaand reaction
velocities.
He was one of the founder of Modern Physical
Chemistry.
In the 19th century chemists noticed that certain
chemical reactions seemed to be caused by
substances that remained unchanged in the
process. In the 1880s Wilhelm Ostwald studied the
speeds of numerous chemical reactions, including
reactions occurring in the presence of acids and
bases. In 1894 he revealed what happens: a
substance - a catalyst - can affect a chemical
reaction's speed, but is not included in its endproducts. This understanding shed great light on
chemical reactions occurring in both industrial
processes and living organisms