Lecture 4 Outline

Announcements:
Review
Basis

HW 1 posted today

of Last Lecture

Functions for Periodic Signals

Fourier

Series Transform Pair

Fourier

Series Examples and Demo

Fourier

Series with Sinusoidal Bases

Properties

of Fourier Series

Review of Last
Lecture
Communication
Performance

System Block Diagram

Metrics: SNR, data rate,

Pb.
Rate

Limits and Shannon Capacity:

C=Blog2(1+SNR)

Periodic
xp(t)

t.

-T0

Signals

periodic if T s.t. xp(t)=xp(t+T) for all

T0

2T0

Projection of Signals
Fourier

series representation

Project periodic signals onto basis

Periodic signal is weighted sum of

functions
these

functions
Fourier series uses exponentials as basis
functions

-T0

T0

2T0

c2
c1
0

c3
T0

T0

T0

Fourier Series
Transform Pair
x p (t )

c e

j 2nf 0 t

1
j 2nf 0 t
cn
x
(
t
)
e
dt
p

T0 T0
|c-2|

|Xp(f)|
|c-1|

|c1|

|c2|
c- 2

|c0|
-2f0

-f0

f0

Xp(f)

2f0

-2f0

c- 1
c0

-f0

c1

f0

c2

2f0

Example: Periodic
Square Wave
Symmetric Coefficients (cn=c-n* )
Infinite Frequency Content
c0 c
1

c2
c3

-.5T
-T0

.5T
0

T0

2T0

cn Af 0Tsinc nf0T ,

t
c4 c
5

c7
c6

sin x
sinc( x )
x

Square Wave Demo: Signal Construction

c8 c9 c10

LTI Filtering of
Exponentials
e j 2ft

x p (t )

c e

h(t)
j 2nt / T0

Exponontials

LTI Filter

H ( f )e j 2ft

j 2nt / T0
c
H
(
n
/
T
)
e
n
0

are filter eigenfunctions

H(f)

is complex constant
Called frequency response of filter at f.
Obtain

signal

filter output to any periodic

Real Signals and

Sinusoidal Bases
Real

Signals: symmetric
coefficients (cn=c-n)

x p (t ) c0 2 cn cos(2nf 0 t cn )
n 1

Alternate Fourier
Series

x p (t ) a0 2 a n cos(2nf 0 t ) bn sin( 2nf 0 t )

Representation
n 1

1
an
x p (t ) cos(2nf 0 t )dt

T0 T0

1
bn
x p (t ) sin( 2nf 0 t )dt

T0 T0

Properties of Fourier
Series
Linearity
Multiplication
Time

Shifting

Time

Reversal

Time

Scaling

Conjugation
Parsevals

Relation

Main Points
Fourier

series represents periodic signals as a weighted

sum of exponential functions.

Exponentials
Can

are eigenfunctions of LTI filters

obtain filter output to any periodic signal

Square

wave has infinite frequency content with FS

coefficients following a sinc function

Real

signals have symmetric FS coefficients

Sinusoids
FS

are an alternate FS representation

properties used in analysis of periodic signals