Module 2: Configuring

Basic TCP/IPv4 Settings

Module 3: Configuring Basic TCP/IPv4 Settings

Overview of the TCP/IP Protocol Suite
Overview of TCP/IP Addressing
Name Resolution
Dynamic IP Addressing
TCP/IPv4 Tools

Lesson 1: Overview of the TCP/IP Protocol Suite

TCP/IP Architecture
How the TCP/IP Model Relates to the OSI Model
Transport Layer Protocols
Common Application Layer Protocols
What Is an RFC?

TCP/IP Architecture

TCP/IP Protocol Suite

Application

HTTP

FTP

Transport

SMTP

TCP

DNS

POP3

SNMP

UDP

IGMP

Internet

Network
Interface

ARP

IPv4

Ethernet

IPv6

ICMP

Token
Ring

Frame
Relay

ATM

How the TCP/IP Model Relates to the OSI Model

OSI

TCP/IP

TCP/IP Protocol Suite

SNMP

POP3

DNS

SMTP

Application

FTP

Presentation

HTTP

Application

Session

Transport

Transport

Network

Internet

Data-Link
Physical

Network
Interface

TCP

ARP
ARP

IGMP
IGMP

IPv4

Ethernet

ICMP
ICMP

UDP

IPv6

Token

Frame

Ring

Relay

ATM

Transport Layer Protocols

TCP:
Connection oriented
Reliable

UDP:
Connectionless
Unreliable

Common Application Layer Protocols

Some common application layer protocols are:
HTTP/HTTPS
RPC over HTTP
FTP
RDP
SMB
SMTP
POP3

What Is an RFC?
A Request for Comments (RFC) is description of network
functionality
Status levels:

Maturity levels:

Required

Proposed standard

Recommended

Draft standard

Elective

Internet standard

Limited use
Not recommended

Lesson 2: Overview of TCP/IP Addressing

The Components of an IP Address
What Is a Subnet Mask?
What Is a Default Gateway?
What Is DNS?
Demonstration: Configuring a Static IP Address

What Is a Subnet Mask?

IP address

Subnet mask

Network ID

192

168

44

32

255

255

255

192

168

44

What Is a Default Gateway?

The default gateway:
Is used to route packets to other networks
Is used when the internal routing table on the host has no
information about the destination subnet

Use DHCP to automatically deliver the IP address for the default

gateway to the client

What Is DNS?
DNS is used to:
Resolve host names to IP addresses
Locate domain controllers and global catalog servers
Used to resolve IP addresses to host names
Used to locate mail servers during e-mail delivery

Demonstration: Configuring a Static IP Address

In this demonstration, you will see how to configure a static
IPv4 address

Lesson 3: Name Resolution

Types of Names that Computers Use
What Are DNS Zones and Records?
How Internet DNS Names are Resolved
Host Name Resolution Process
Demonstration: Configuring Host Name Resolution
What Is WINS?
NetBIOS Name Resolution Process

Types of Names That Computers Use

Name

Description
Up to 255 characters in length
Can contain alphabetic and
numeric characters, periods, and
hyphens

Host names

Part of FQDN
Represent a single computer or
group of computers
15 characters used for the name
16th character identifies service

NetBIOS names

Flat namespace

What Are DNS Zones and Records?

A DNS zone is a specific portion of DNS namespace
that can contain DNS records
Records in forward lookup zones include:
A
SRV
MX
CNAME

Records in reverse lookup zones include:

PTR

How Internet DNS Names are Resolved

Microsoft.com
DNS Server
.com DNS Server
What is the IP
address of
www.microsoft.com?

Root DNS Server

Local DNS Server

207.46.230.219
Workstation

Host Name Resolution Process

Local Host
Name

Lmhosts
File

DNS Resolver
2 Cache

6
3

Broadcast

DNS
Server

5
4

NetBIOS Name
Cache

WINS
Server

Demonstration: Configuring Host Name

Resolution
In this demonstration, you will see how to configure host
name resolution

What Is WINS?
NetBIOS Name
Registration
Query
?
OK
Payroll

WINS Server

1 Queries a WINS server

2 Determines whether name is in use
3 If not in use, then registers the NetBIOS name
and associated IP address

NetBIOS Name Resolution Process

DNS Server

NetBIOS
1 Name Cache
DNS Resolver

DNS Resolver
6 Cache

Local Host
5 Name

WINS
Server

Broadcast

Lmhosts
File

Lesson 4: Dynamic IP Addressing

What Is DHCP?
DHCP Address Renewal
DHCP Configuration Options
What Is Alternate Configuration?
What s Automatic Private IP Addressing?
Demonstration: Configuring Dynamic IP Addressing

What Is DHCP?
Non-DHCP Client

DHCP Client

IP Address1
IP Address2

IP Address1
IP Address2
IP Address3
.
.
.
IP AddressN

DHCP Client
DHCP Server

DHCP Database

DHCP Address Renewal

DHCP
Server

DHCPREQUEST
(Unicast)
Lease-Holding
DHCP Server

Non-DHCP
Server

2
DHCP
Client

DHCPREQUEST
(Broadcast)

DHCPACK

DHCP
Servers

DHCP Configuration Options

DHCP configuration options include:
Creating scopes
Start and end IP addresses
Subnet mask
Lease duration
Router
DNS server
Exclusions
Reservations

What Is Alternate Configuration?

DHCP client without
an IP address attempts
to locate DHCP Server

Server found?

Yes

DHCP server assigns

address to client

No
No
APIPA configured
and enabled?

UserYes
configured
alternate configuration
specified?
No

Yes

APIPA address is
assigned

User-configured IP
address is assigned

User-configured IP
address is not
assigned

What Is Automatic Private IP Addressing?

Automatic private IP addressing (APIPA):

Is used if a DHCP server cannot be contacted
Assigns IP addresses on the 169.254.0.0/16 network
Cannot be used with:
Active Directory
Internet connectivity
Multiple subnets
DNS or WINS servers

What Is IPConfig?
IPConfig is used to display IP configuration information and
control the DNS resolver cache

Option
/all

Description
Displays all IP address configuration
information

/release

Releases a dynamic IPv4 address lease

/renew

Renews a dynamic IPv4 address lease

/flushdns

Purges the DNS resolver cache

/registerdns

Refreshes DHCP leases and re-registers DNS

names

/displaydns

Displays the contents of the DNS resolver

cache

What Is NETStat?
NETStat is used to display protocol statistics and current TCP/IP
network connections

Option

Description

-a

Displays all connections and listening ports

-b

Displays the executable involved in creating

each connection and listening port

-e

Displays Ethernet statistics

-r

Displays the routing table

-s

Displays per protocol statistics

What Is NBTStat?
NBTStat is used to display NetBIOS information on the local
computer

Option

Description

-a

View NetBIOS information for a specific

NetBIOS name

-c

View the local cache of machine names and

their IP addresses

-n

View local NetBIOS names

-R

Purges and reloads the remote cache name

table

-s

Lists sessions table by using IPv4 addresses

What Is Netsh?
Netsh is a command-line utility that is used to configure and
monitor network settings

You can configure and monitor:

Windows Firewall
IP settings
Interface settings
IPSec

What Are the IPv4 Address Classes?

Class A
Large Network

Network
ID
0
w

Class B
Medium Network

Network ID

Host ID

10
w

Class C
Small Network

Host ID

Network ID

Host ID

110
w

What Is ARP?
The ARP protocol:

Resolves IPv4 addresses to MAC addresses

Provides MAC addresses for IP frames
Dynamically stores MAC addresses in the ARP cache

The ARP tool:

Displays the ARP cache
Removes entries from the ARP cache
Adds static entries to the ARP cache

IPv4 Communication Within a Single Network

1 Determine local or remote network
2 Resolve destination IP to MAC address
3 Address packet
4 Deliver packet to destination
IP: 192.168.55.23
MAC: 00:43:D2:ED:1A:98

Computer A

IP: 192.168.55.99
MAC: 2C:33:85:C2:AA:32

Computer B

IPv4 Communication Between Networks

1

Determine local or remote network

Resolve default gateway IP to MAC address

Address and deliver packet to default gateway

Resolve destination IP to MAC address

Address and deliver packet to destination

IP: 192.168.55.23
MAC: 00:43:D2:ED:1A:98

IP: 192.168.37.99
MAC: 2C:33:85:C2:AA:32

IP: 192.168.55.1
MAC: 6B:11:43:75:CB:11
IP: 192.168.37.1
MAC: 6B:11:43:75:CB:12

Computer A

Computer B

What Is a Subnet?
131.107.3.27
131.107.12.7
Subnet 2
131.107.3.0
Main Network
131.107.12.0
131.107.10.12
Router
Subnet 1
131.107.10.0

131.107.12.31

Router

How Bits Are Used in a Subnet Mask

Class B Address with Subnet

Number of Subnets

Network ID

32
2
8
254
128
64
16
4
0

Subnet ID

10

Number of Hosts

65,534
32,512
16,256
4,064
8,128
508
2,032
1,016
254
254

Host ID

How the Computer Determines Whether an IP

Address Is Local or Remote
Local and destination hosts IP addresses are each
ANDed with their subnet masks
1 AND 1 = 1
Other combinations = 0
If ANDed results of source and destination hosts
match, the destination is local

IP Address
Subnet Mask

10011111

11100000

00000111

10000001

11111111

11111111

00000000

00000000

Result

10011111

11100000

00000000

00000000

Determining the Number of Subnet Bits

You should:
Choose the number of subnet bits based on the number
of subnets required
Use 2n to determine the number of subnets available
from n bits

For five locations, three subnet bits are required

5 locations = 5 subnets required
22 = 4 subnets (not enough)
23 = 8 subnets

Determining the Number of Host Bits

You should:
Choose the number of host bits based on the number
of hosts required on each subnet
Use 2n-2 to determine the number of hosts available on
each subnet available from n bits

For subnets 100 hosts, seven host bits are required

26-2 = 62 hosts (not enough)
27-2 = 126 hosts

Calculating Network Addresses

To determine the Network IDs:
172.16.0.0 will be subnetted using three bits
The subnet mask is 255.255.111000000.0
The lowest value bit in the subnet mask is the network
ID increment

The network IDs increment by 32

172.16.0.0

172.16.128.0

172.16.32.0

172.16.160.0

172.16.64.0

172.16.192.0

172.16.96.0

172.16.224.0