Effect of ball-to-powder ratio

(BPR) and ball size

distribution on the magnetic
properties of SrFe12O19
powders prepared by
mechanical alloying
BY: NOORAISYAH ABDULLAH
MATRIC NO.: 175844
SUPERVISOR: DR NORLAILY BT MOHD SAIDEN

INTRODUCTI
ON

LITERATURE
REVIEW

METHODOLO
GY

EXPECTED
RESULTS

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

INTRODUCTION
Centrality:
1.Optimization of mechanical alloying
2.Parameters : Ball-to-powder ratio (BPR) and ball
size distribution
3.Sample: Strontium hexaferrite (SrFe12O19)
4.Effect on coercivity Hc, saturation magnetization
Ms, remanence and microstructure

Hard ferrites
M-type ferrites; M=Ba, Sr or Pb
Starting materials: SrCO3 + 6Fe2O3
Coercivity increases when the temperature is raised above
room temperature
Permanent-magnet purposes
Application:
1) Microwave absorber Electromagnetic shielding and
stealth technology
2) Recording media

Technique
1. High-energy ball milling
2. SPEX mills

SPEX 8000 Mixer/Mill

SPEX 8000D Mixer/Mill

Mechanism of Alloying

Mixing composition powders

HEBM- flattened, cold weld,
fracture and re-weld
Impact of balls
Plastic deformation
Temperature rise in vial
Sliding between powder
particles in high energetic ball

Figure 3. Schematic illustration of deformation

and fracture processes resulting from ballpowder-ball collision

Crystal defect
Exothermic process
Result: Homogeneous

Significant of Studies
Ball-to-powder Seldom
ratio considered
Ball size distribution
(BPR)

Nanoparticles

Improvement

Ultrafine particles

Advantage and disadvantage

Homogeneous

Contamination

Objective
To study the influence of ball size distribution
on magnetic properties of Sr-hexaferrites
prepared by mechanical alloying.
To analyze how does the microstructure and
magnetic properties of SrFe12O19 affected by
different parameters during high-energy ball
milling.
To investigate how does the powder densify
under the high speed impact of high-energy
ball milling.

LITERATURE REVIEW
YEA
R

AUTHOR

FINDINGS

PARAMETER CHANGE

REMARKS

- Mechanical alloying technique

2001 C.
Suryanarayana

- Type of mills
- Milling speed,
temperature and
time
- Grinding medium
- BPR

- All parameter
has been
focused

2006 Ketov et. al.

- Milling resulted in a reduction

of powder particles
- High magnetic properties after
annealed

700 rpm
BPR 10:1
Milling (0.5 2 hour)
Annealing at 950
-1000C

- High-energy
ball milling
- Amorphous
phase
formation
causes a
deterioration

2016 Abdellahi et.

al.

- Optimizing of high-energy ball

milling
- Tungsten carbide balls more
efficiency of milling

- BPR
- Ball size distribution
- Type of balls

- Efficiency of
milling
performance
- Increase
number of

METHODOLOGY

SrCO3 + 6Fe2O3 SrFe12O19 + CO2

BPR (10:1 and
15:1)

SAMPLE
PREPARATIO
N

MILLING /
MIXING

SPEX Mills
5 hours

1200C
10 hours
Reduction in
particle
surface area
Result:
Compact

SINTERING

Equipment for characterization

Field Emission
Scanning Electron
Microscope (FESEM)

Vibrating Sample
Magnetometer (VSM)

X-Ray Diffraction
(XRD)

Characterization
XRD
(Braggs Law)
X-ray bombardment of high energy
electron to sample
Diffraction- The particle scattered the
incident beam uniformly in all direction

FESEM
- using electron which
strike straight onto the
sample

VSM
Faradays Law- electromagnetic force
generated in coil when there is change in
flux through the coil
- check hysteresis loop (Ms, Hc)

Measurement principle

XRD

VSM

EXPECTED RESULT
Nanocrystalline materials with grain size of few nanometers,
usually <100 nm.
Single phase of Sr- ferrite.
Increase of the crystallite size and increase in strength.
Magnetic properties:
1) High coercivities (up to 6.64 kOe).
2) High values of remanence and saturation magnetization in the
range between 74.3 and 92.6 emu/g (based on hysteresis
loop).
) Hexagonal ferrite (FESEM micrograph).

CONCLUSION
The BPR (10:1 and 15:1) and ball size distribution
optimized the production in mechanical alloying.
High milling frequency provide high collision energy
inside of the vial.
Resulted in single phase and high values in magnetic
properties.
SrFe12O19 not dominant existence of hematite.

GANTT CHART
Nov Dis Jan Feb Mar Apr Ma
201 201 201 201 201 201 y
6
6
7
7
7
7
201
7

Literature review
Prepare sample strontium hexaferrite
(SrFe12O19)
Milling of SrFe12O19 powders by
mechanical alloying
Sintering of SrFe12O19 powder sample in
the furnace
Characterization
Analysis

REFERENCES
C. Suryanarayana, Mechanical alloying and milling, Prog.
Mater. Sci., vol. 46, no. 12, pp. 1184, 2001.
H. W. Kwon and J. W. Bae, Magnetic anisotropy of Sr-ferrite
powder produced by mechanical alloying, J. Magn. Magn. Mater.,
vol. 272276, no. SUPPL. 1, pp. 20032005, 2004.
R. Ebrahimi-Kahrizsangi, M. Abdellahi, and M. Bahmanpour,
Self-ignited synthesis of nanocomposite powders induced by
Spex mills; Modeling and optimizing, Ceram. Int., vol. 41, no. 2,
pp. 31373151, 2015.
S. Kalpakjian, S. R. Schmid, and H. Musa, Manufacturing
Engineering and Technology, p. 1197, 2009.
S. V Ketov, Y. D. Yagodkin, A. L. Lebed, Y. V Chernopyatova, and
K. Khlopkov, Structure and magnetic properties of