Professional Documents
Culture Documents
04 - Geoteknik Tambang - Supandi - Penyelidikan Lapangan
04 - Geoteknik Tambang - Supandi - Penyelidikan Lapangan
GEOTEKNIK
TAMBANG
PENYELIDIKAN GEOTEKNIK
September 2013
SUPANDI, ST, MT
supandisttnas@gmail.com
GEOTEKNIK TAMBANG
Jurusan
Kode
Mata Kuliah
SKS
Semester
Waktu Perkuliahan
Dosen Pengampu
Sistem Perkuliahan
Penilaian
20%
Range Nilai
61
Contact Person
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
: Teknik Pertambangan
: AS7446P
: Geoteknik Tambang
: 2 SKS
: VII
: 2 x 50 menit
: Supandi ST. MT
:
: a. Tugas, presentasi dan Diskusi, Quiz,
b. Ujian Tengah Semester (UTS) 30%
c. Ujian akhir semester (UAS) 50%
: 0-20,9 = E ; 21-44 = D ; 45-60.9 = C ;
80 = B ; 81 100 = A
: supandisttnas@gmail.com
Slide 2
11/01/17
Textbook
1. John Read and Peter Stacey, 2009, Guidelines fr Open
Pit Slope Design, CRC Press.
2. William A Hustrulid, Michael K.McCarter and Dirk J.A Van
Zyl, 2000, Slope Stability in Surface Mining, Society for
Mining Mettalurgy and Exploration Inc.
3. Ducan C Wyllie & Christopher W Mah, 2007-4th Edition,
Rock Slope Engineering, Spon Press.
4. Charles A Kliche, 1999, Rock Slope Stability, Society for
Mining Mettalurgy and Exploration Inc.
5. E. Hoek & J.W Bray, 1994, Rock Slope Engineering,
Institute of Mining and Metalurgy.
6. Roy E. Hunt, 2007, Geotechnical Investigation
Methods, CRC Press.
7. Roy E Hunt, 2007, Geologic Hazards, CRC Press.
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 3
11/01/17
SITE INVESTIGATION
- philosophy
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 4
11/01/17
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 5
11/01/17
Methodology
Three general categories subdivide exploration methodology:
1.Surface mapping of geologic conditions, which requires review of
reports and publications, interpretation of topographic and geographic
maps, remote-sensing imagery, and site reconnaissance.
2.Subsurface sectioning (Section 1.3), for which data are obtained by
geophysical prospecting, test and core borings, and excavations and
soundings
3.Sampling the geologic materials, utilizing test and core borings and
excavations
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 6
11/01/17
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 7
11/01/17
Surface Mapping
General - Objectives
Data Base
For all sites it is important to determine the general geologic conditions and
identify significant development and construction constraints. For large study
areas it is useful to prepare a map illustrating the surficial and shallow
geologic conditions.
Preliminary Site Evaluations
An overview of geologic conditions permits preliminary evaluations regarding
the suitability of the site for development. The first step is the identification of
major geologic hazards and constraints in the study area. Depending upon
the construction or development proposed, constraints could include shallow
rock or water, or thick deposits of weak soils.
Taking into account the hazards and constraints, the optimum location for the
proposed construction is selected, and the planning of the site investigation
then begins.
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 8
11/01/17
Methodology
A geologic reconnaissance study may advance through a number of steps as
described briefly in Figure 1.1, including:
1.Research of reference materials and collection of available data.
2.Terrain analysis based on topographic maps and the interpretation of
remotely sensed imagery.
3.Preparation of a preliminary engineering geology map (large land areas).
4.Site reconnaissance to confirm initial data, and, for large areas,
amplification of the engineering geology map, after which it is prepared in
final form.
5.Preparation of a subsurface exploration program based on the anticipated
conditions.
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 9
11/01/17
Research Data
Basic Objectives
A large amount of information is often available in the literature for a
given location. A search should be made to gather as much data as
possible before initiating any exploration work, particularly when large
sites are to be studied, or when the site is located in a region not familiar
to the design team. Information should be obtained on:
1.Bedrock geology, including major structural features such as faults.
2.Surficial geology in terms of soil types on a regional or, if possible,
local basis.
3.Climatic conditions, which influence soil development, groundwater
occurrence and fluctuations, erosion, flooding, slope failures, etc.
4.Regional seismicity and earthquake history.
5.Geologic hazards, both regional and local, such as ground subsidence
and collapse, slope failures, floods, and lahars.
6.Geologic constraints, both regional and local, such as expansive soils,
weak soils, shallow rock, groundwater, etc.
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 10
11/01/17
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 11
11/01/17
Subsurface Exploration
Objectives
1.To confirm or supplement the engineering geology map showing
shallow and surficial distributions of the various formations.
2.To determine the subsurface distribution of the geologic materials and
groundwater conditions.
3.To obtain samples of the geologic materials for identification and
laboratory testing.
4.To obtain in situ measurements of engineering properties
Slide 12
11/01/17
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 13
11/01/17
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 14
11/01/17
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 15
11/01/17
Slide 16
11/01/17
Sampler Selection
A number of factors are considered in the selection of samplers,
including:
1.Sample use, which varies from general determination of material (wash
sampler), to examination of material and fabric and in situ testing (splitbarrel sampler), to performing laboratory index tests (split-barrel
sampler), and to carrying out laboratory engineering-properties tests
(UD).
2.Soil type, since some samplers are suited only for particular conditions,
such as soft to firm soils vs. hard soils.
3.Rock conditions, since various combinations of rock bits and core
barrels are used, depending on rock type and quality and the amount of
recovery required.
4.Surface conditions, which vary from land or quiet water to shallow or
deep water with moderate to heavy swells.
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 17
11/01/17
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 18
11/01/17
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 19
11/01/17
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 20
11/01/17
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 21
11/01/17
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 22
11/01/17
Measurement of Properties
Objectives
The properties of geologic materials are measured to provide the basis for:
1.Identification and classification.
2.Correlations between properties including measurements made during
other investigations in similar materials.
3.Engineering analysis and evaluations.
Index Properties
Index properties define certain physical characteristics used basically for
classifications, and also for correlations with engineering properties.
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 23
11/01/17
Hydraulic Properties
Hydraulic properties, expressed in terms of permeability, are engineering
properties. They concern the flow of fluids through geologic media.
Mechanical Properties
Rupture strength and deformation characteristics are mechanical
properties. They are also engineering properties, and are grouped as static
or dynamic.
Correlations
Measurements of hydraulic and mechanical properties, which provide the
basis for all engineering analyses, are often costly or difficult to obtain with
reliable accuracy. Correlations based on basic or index properties, with
data obtained from other investigations in which extensive testing was
employed or engineering properties were evaluated by back-analysis of
failures, provide data for preliminary engineering studies as well as a check
on the reasonableness of data obtained during investigation
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 24
11/01/17
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 25
11/01/17
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 26
11/01/17
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 27
11/01/17
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 28
11/01/17
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 29
11/01/17
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 30
11/01/17
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 31
11/01/17
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 32
11/01/17
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 33
11/01/17
Drilling and trial pitting are normally carried out for a number of reasons,
such as:
1. to establish the general nature of the strata below a site;
2. to establish the vertical or lateral variability of soil conditions;
3. to verify the interpretation of geophysical surveys;
4. to obtain samples for laboratory testing;
5. to allow in situ tests to be carried out; and
6. to install instruments such as piezometers, or extensometers
Geophysical methods (Chapter 4) may be used for:
1.Geological investigation, for example in determining the thickness of soft,
superficial deposits, and the depth to rock, and in establishing weathering
profiles, usually to provide cross sections;
2.Resource assessment, for example the location of aquifers, the
delineation of saline intrusion,the exploration of the extent of sand and
gravel deposits, and rock for aggregate;
3.Detecting critical buried features, such as voids (mineshafts, natural
cavities, adits, pipelines)and buried artefacts (old foundations, wrecks at
sea, etc.); and
4.Determining engineering parameters, such as dynamic elastic module,
and soil corrosivity.
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 34
11/01/17
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 35
11/01/17
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 36
11/01/17
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 37
11/01/17
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 38
11/01/17
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 39
11/01/17
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 40
11/01/17
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 41
11/01/17
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 42
11/01/17
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 43
11/01/17
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 44
11/01/17
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 45
11/01/17
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 46
11/01/17
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 47
11/01/17
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 48
11/01/17
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 49
11/01/17
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 50
11/01/17
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 51
11/01/17
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 52
11/01/17
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 53
11/01/17
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 54
11/01/17
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 55
11/01/17
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 56
11/01/17
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 57
11/01/17
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 58
11/01/17
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 59
11/01/17
OPERASI
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 60
11/01/17
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 61
11/01/17
PRELIMINARY
PRE-FEASIBILITY
FEASIBILITY
DESIGN
OPERATING
OR GROUNDWATER
KNOWLEDGE
EXPLORATION DATA
GEOTECHNICAL
INVESTIGATION
DRILLING
MAPPING
LABORATORY TESTING
STTNAS
MINE
GEOLOGYYOGYAKARTA
Slide 62
11/01/17
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 63
11/01/17
PRE-FEASIBILITY
MENGELOMPOKKAN UNIT-UNIT GEOLOGI DAN STRUKTUR
UNTUK MODEL GEOTEKNIK AWAL
MENGIDENTIFIKASI FAKTOR-FAKTOR GEOTEKNIK DAN AIR
TANAH YANG DAPAT MEMPENGARUHI RANCANGAN
MENGIDENTIFIKASI GAP ANTARA MODEL GEOTEKNIK DAN
GEOLOGI
MENGKONFIRMASI MODEL GEOTEKNIK AWAL TERMASUK
KUANTIFIKASI DASAR PARAMETER RANCANGAN
MERENCANAKAN DAN MELAKUKAN PENYELIDIKAN
GEOTEKNIK DAN HIDROGEOLOGI
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 64
11/01/17
FEASIBILITY
MERENCANAKAN DAN MELAKUKAN
PENYELIDIKAN GEOTEKNIK DAN AIR TANAH
MELENGKAPI MODEL GEOTEKNIK SAMPAI
PADA LEVEL YANG DIPERLUKAN, TERMASUK
SEMUA PARAMETER KUNCI RANCANGAN
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 65
11/01/17
OPERATING
MENGAWALI PENYELIDIKAN UNTUK
MENGECEK PARAMETER KUNCI YANG
DIGUNAKAN DALAM TAHAP FEASIBILITY
MERENCANAKAN DAN MELAKUKAN
PENYELIDIKAN PARAMETER KUNCI YANG
SEBELUMNYA BELUM DIKUANTIFIKASI
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 66
11/01/17
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 67
11/01/17
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 68
11/01/17
Reduced Waste $
$$$
Orebody
Increased Ore
Extraction $$$$
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 69
11/01/17
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 70
11/01/17
The Investigation
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 71
11/01/17
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
72
11 January 2017
Slide 72
11/01/17
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 73
11/01/17
Slide 74
11/01/17
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 75
11/01/17
KELAYAKAN
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 76
11/01/17
PRA KELAYAKAN
Slide 77
11/01/17
Slide 78
11/01/17
GEOTEKNIK TAMBANG
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 79
11/01/17
Urutan Penyelidikan
Relevan dengan upaya memenuhi ketersediaan
data atas tuntutan tadi, diperlukan sederetan
kronologi penyelidikan sbb :
RECONNAISSANCE
PRELIMINARY STUDY
FEASIBILITY STUDY
STUDY DURING CONSTRUCTION
STUDY AFTER CONSTRUCTION (MAINTENANCE)
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 80
11/01/17
MANFAAT
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 81
11/01/17
TAHAP PENDAHULUAN
GEOLOGI YANG LUAS.
MENGETAHUI GEOTEKNIK DAN AIR BAWAH
TANAH YANG MEMPENGARUHI PERTAMBANGAN.
MENGETAHUI MODEL GEOLOGI.
MEMBERI PETUNJUK PADA PEMAKAIAN SISTEM
PERTAMBANGAN YANG BERBEDA DAN
PERLENGKAPAN PADA SUATU ENDAPAN.
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 82
11/01/17
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 83
11/01/17
OBJECTIVES
Subsurface conditions
Strength of foundation strata
Settlement, deformation
Groundwater level and quality
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 84
11/01/17
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 85
11/01/17
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 86
11/01/17
Sampling
Samples must represent the soil wrt:
structure or soil fabric
m.c. & density
Samples
sealed & stored away from the sun
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 87
11/01/17
Class of sample
What you can use the sample for
Class depends on the method chosen,the soil & its
condition
Example:
a) sand from an SPT
- classification only
(4)
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
(1)
Slide 88
11/01/17
Shelby Tubes
Air
release
Disturbance zones
Compression
zone
Twist to shear
base soil
Tension zone
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 89
11/01/17
Recommended dimensions
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Dw - B
B
Slide 90
11/01/17
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 91
11/01/17
Sample
liner
Auger
Cutter
Sample
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 92
11/01/17
Disturbed
soil
sampling
esp. using
jackhammer
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 93
11/01/17
2.
3.
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 94
11/01/17
SPT
CPT
No borehole;
Sufficient dead weight for penetration? Many
Soundings made in a day;
Continuous recording of data;
Soil type from friction ratio and the tip resistance
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 95
11/01/17
Falling weight
Soil penetration
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 96
11/01/17
SPT
A thick split spoon sampler with a driving shoe,
OD 50.8 mm & ID 34.9 mm, is driven into the
soil at the bottom of a borehole
Falling mass of 63.5 kg & fall height = 0.76 m
450 mm of penetration, the resistance to
penetration of last 300 mm is recorded as
number of standard blows or SPT count, N
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 97
11/01/17
SPT Device
http://www.archwayengineering.com/products/spt_sampler.html
soil catchers
Split with sampling tip
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 98
11/01/17
SPT
A number of corrections are applied to the
recorded blowcount for:
1. Efficiency of driving system
2. Length of driving rods
3. Overburden pressure
(dead weight vertical stress)
4. Water table
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 99
11/01/17
Pore water
pressure
sensor
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 100
11/01/17
CPT
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 101
11/01/17
CPT
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 102
11/01/17
Slide 103
11/01/17
Friction Resist, fc
(kPa)
8
10
100
200
300
400
Friction Ratio, Fr
(% )
500
20
Depth (m)
10
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 104
11/01/17
- one example
Slide 105
11/01/17
qc vo
su
Nk
Correlation improved if
OCR taken into account
Direct application to piling
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 106
11/01/17
arctan
max
qc
= fn (qc/vo)0.5
Kulhawy & Mayne 1990
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 107
11/01/17
Slide 108
11/01/17
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 109
11/01/17
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 110
11/01/17
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 111
11/01/17
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 112
11/01/17
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 113
11/01/17
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 114
11/01/17
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 115
11/01/17
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 116
11/01/17
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 117
11/01/17
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 118
11/01/17
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 119
11/01/17
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 120
11/01/17
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 121
11/01/17
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA
Slide 122
11/01/17