CEVB211 OPEN ENDED

REPORT AND
PRESENTATION
BY GROUP 2

INTRODUCTION
Aretention basinis used to managestormwaterrunofto preventfloodingand downstreamerosion, and
improvewater qualityin an adjacentriver,stream,lakeorbay. Sometimes called awet pondorwet
detention basinorstormwater management pond, it is an artificial lake with vegetation around the
perimeter, and includes a permanent pool of water in its design.
It is distinguished from adetention basin, sometimes called a "dry pond," which temporarily stores water
after a storm, but eventually empties out at a controlled rate to a downstream water body. It also difers
from aninfiltration basinwhich is designed to direct stormwater togroundwaterthrough permeable soils.
Wet ponds are frequently used for water quality improvement,groundwater recharge, flood protection,
aesthetic improvement or any combination of these. Sometimes they act as a replacement for the
natural absorption of a forest or other natural process that was lost when an area is developed. As such,
these structures are designed to blend into neighborhoods and viewed as an amenity.
Retention period serves as a system to settle out suspended materials in order to prevent excessive
sedimentation at receiving river. The design of a retention pond is given in a guideline published by
Department of Drainage and irrigation named Manual Saliran Mesra Alam (MSMA). Any new development
in Malaysia must follow this requirement.

PROBLEM STATEMENT

We were assigned to do an open which require us to measure the efectiveness of a

completed retention in improving the physical and chemical quality of the surface runof
of the water sample at a particular location. We were well aware there are diferent
methods to study the efectiveness of a retention pond. However, we were only asked to
pick only 5 of the most suitable methods.

WATER QUALITY STANDARD

WATER CLASSES AND USES

SAMPLING
LOCATION

INLET
1

INLET 2

We have decided to use Tasik UNITEN

for our open ended subject. It has 2
inlets. One was located at the COE
building and the other one was
located at Masjid UNITEN. The outlet
was located at the Gate 2 UNITEN.
The area of the pond was found to be
at 27,873.76 m

OUTLET

TOTAL SOLID, SUSPENDED

SOLID AND DISSOLVED SOLID
DETERMINATION.
EXPERIMENT NO.1

TOTAL SOLID DETERMINATION

The solid concentration in a water sample is defined as the amount of the solid (in mass)
over the volume of the sample. The standard unit for solid concentration is mg/l. The
origin of solids in a sample can be from natural environment or introduced by human
activities. It consists of organics and inorganics. Some can be burned at high temperature
while some remain at the original state. Some are dissolved forms while others are in
suspended nature. Total solid concentration (TS) includes all the solids in the sample.
When carrying out the test, it is important to mix the sampleuniformly before analysis as
it represents the whole sample. The procedures involve in taking an aliquot of sample and
dry in an oven. The mass of solid remains after drying represents the total solid mass.
When the sample is placed in a furnace, the high temperature will burn away the volatile
solids and left the fix solids behind. The burned away portion of the solids is known as
total volatile solids while the remain or residue is known as fixed solids.

PROCEDURES
1. A porcelain dish was collected from desiccators and the dish was weighed as M1. The dish was transferred to a
steam bath.
2. Aliquot of a sample was poured out 20 ml using graduated cylinder and it is transferred to the dish, V1.
3. When there is no sign of liquid left, the dish was transferred to an oven at 100c + - 5c for one hour.
4. After the hour has lapsed, the sample was weighted, M2.
5. Then, the dish was transferred to muffle furnace at 550c for 20 minutes.
6. After 20 minutes has lapped, the dish was taken out from the furnace and cooled it by placing at a tripod for 5
minutes.
7. Once the 5 minutes has lapsed, the dish was transferred to a desiccatorto coolfurther for 30 minutes. Then the
sample was weighted, M3.

RESULTS

Mass of empty dish,

g=

Volume of sample, ml
=

Mass of dish +
sample after drying,g
=

Mass of dish +
sample after ignition,
g=

SAMPLE 1
76.6781g

SAMPLE 2
89.4046g

SAMPLE 3
75.2581

20ml

20ml

20ml

76.6995g

89.4623g

75.2839g

76.6845g

89.4328g

75.2723

SUSPENDED SOLID DETERMINATION

Suspended solids concentration in a water sample is defined by amount of being detained
by physical solids a process. It involves filteringanwater sample through paper has pore
size of 0.45 m. The portion of solids retained by the filter is known asretentateand those
passed through the filter is known as filtrate. The filtration consists of a vacuum pump
system with a buchner funnel. It is necessary to have vacuum suction system as some of
the samples are of high concentration and can be very difficult to drain. The trapped
solids will further decrease the pore size of the filter. When the retained solids are placed
in a furnace, the heat will burn the volatile suspended solids away and leave fixed
suspended solids behind.

PROCEDURES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Take a piece of filter paper and weigh, .

Pour out 20-25 ml of sample, record the volume of the sample, .
Transfer the filter paper to a Buchner funnel and filter the sample.
Slowly remove the paper from the funnel and place it in an oven with temperature 100 C for one hour.
After one hour, remove the filter from the oven and weigh, .
Transfer the filter to a furnace at 550C for 20 minutes.
After 20 minutes has lapsed, transfer the filter to desiccatorsfor30 minutes.
After 30 minutes has lapsed, weigh the sample, .

RESULTS

INLET 1

INLET 2

OUTLET 3

Mass of filter paper, gram

0.2187g

0.2161g

0.2191g

Volume of sample, ml

25ml

25ml

25ml

Mass of filter paper +

dried solids,

0.2220g
0.2220g

0.2186g
0.2186g

0.2245g
0.2245g

Mass of filter + ignited

solids,

0.2219g

0.2169g

0.2220g

DISSOLVED SOLID DETERMINATION

By definition, the dissolved solids of a sample are the portions of its solids that pass
through the filter paper with pore size 0.45 m. It can be determined by filtering the
sample using Buchner funnel and vacuum suction. The filtrate is then placed in the oven
to dry and later in the muffle furnace to burn. The test requires large amount of sample
and time. We can also determine the dissolved solids concentration based on total solids
concentration and total suspended solids concentration.

RESULTS
Sample 1:
1. FDS = 192 mg/l
2. VDS = 746 mg/l
3. TDS = 938 mg/l
4. TS = 1070 mg/l
Sample 2:
5. FDS = 1378 mg/l
6. VDS = 1407 mg/l
7. TDS = 2785 mg/l
8. TS = 2885 mg/l
Sample 3:
9. FDS = 594 mg/l
10. VDS = 480 mg/l
11. TDS = 1074 mg/l
12. TS = 1290 mg/l
**note that solid determination does not give any ideas about organic content

COLOR AND TURBIDITY

MEASUREMENT
EXPERIMENT NO.2 AND NO.3

COLOR MEASUREMENT

PROCEDURES
Lovibond comparator;
1. Take one of the sample and poured it into the glass tube until it reaches the mark.
2. Cover the glass tube with lid and ensure that there is no air bubble in the tube.
3. The tube is placed into the comparator and compared with a series ofcoloured glass discsuntil the nearest possible match is found.
4. Reading is recorded.
5. The experiment is repeated using diferent sample.
Spectrophotometer;
6. The spectrophotometer is turned on and colour measurement was chosen prior to the test.
7. Put a small amount of water (approximately 20ml) from the sample into a sample vial.
8. Place the distilled water into the spectrophotometer to zero the reading.
9. The sample vial is the placed into the spectrophotometer to get reading.
10. The experiment is repeated using diferent sample.

RESULTS
Sample

Lovibond Reading

Spectrophotometer Reading

85

59

70

31

90

130

TURBIDITY MEASUREMENT
Turbidity on the other hand is a measure of suspended solids in the water. The standard unit for turbidity is NTU
or Nepheolometric Turbidity Unit. The turbidity exhibit by 1mg/L or formazin solution is referred as 1 NTU. The
measurement can be carried out in a portable turbidity meter or bench top turbidity meter. Turbidity of water is
also caused by presence of colloids. Colloids are solids with sizes between suspended solids and dissolved solids.
There are two types of colloids:
1.Hydrophilic
2.Hydrophobic
The hydrophilic have affinity for water, while hydrophobic dislike water. It is easier to remove hydrophobic
colloids. A water sample might have high color but without any turbidity e.g. coke.
The earlier measurement of turbidity is done by a circular disc with black and white painted on it. The turbidity is
measured by the depth of the disc in water till it cant be seen. The shallowest reading indicates the higher the
turbidity. After that a new system was developed by placing a candle beside the sample, known as Jackson
candle. The disappearance of the shadow of the candle indicates the turbidity of that sample. The current
method is based on standard solution make up with Formazin. The turbidity yield by one mg/l of formazin
concentration is known as 1 turbidity unit.

PROCEDURES
1. The sample is poured into the vials provided. The vials are dried and placed into the turbidimeter.
2. The turbidity reading is recorded

RESULTS
SAMPLE

BENCH TOP TURBIDIMETER (NTU)

PORTABLE TURBIDIMETER (NTU)

11.2

19.3

26.9

31.7

56.0

63.3

DO AND BOD5 MEASUREMENT

EXPERIMENT NO.4

DO AND BOD5 MEASUREMENT

The standard BOD test involves placing a small amount of sample into a standard BOD
bottle of capacity 300ml. Then it is incubated for standard 5 days. Before incubation, the
sample is introduced unlimited amount of DO. This is to make sure the microorganism will
not the starve the DO. Incubation is necessary as daylight may introduce DO into the
bottle due to potential photosynthesis. The key reactors in this process are microbes. If
the sample is too clean, then a seed or dirty water might be introduced. The BOD is the
measure of oxygen deficit between initial DO concentration and DO at the end of
incubation.

PROCEDURES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

A container was filled up with water and aerated it for a while

Pipette 10 15 ml of sample into a BOD bottle
The BOD bottle was filled with aerated water
The DO was measured and placed inside an incubator
The sample was removed from incubator after five days and the DO was measured.

RESULTS
Amount of sample = 15ml

Inlet 1

Inlet 2

Outlet

DO initial, mg/l

11.71

12.14

11.78

DO after 5 days,
mg/l

8.48

9.17

9.13

PH VALUE MEASUREMENT
EXPERIMENT NO.5

PH VALUE MEASUREMENT

The term pH refers to the measure of hydrogen ion concentration in a solution and
defined as the negative log of H+ ions concentration in water and wastewater. The values
of pH 0 to a little less than 7 are termed as acidic and the values of pH a little above 7 to
14 are termed as basic. When the concentration of H+ and OH- ions are equal then it is
termed as neutral pH.

PROCEDURES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

The pH meter electrodes were cleaned by distilled water.

The electrodes were dried by tissue.
The pH meter was run calibration with bufer solutions provided (pH 4,7 and 10)
After the calibration, the steps 1 and 2 were repeated.
The pH meter and temperature electrodes were put in the beaker containing sample which in mixing mode for
the pH measurement.
6. The pH values were recorded once specific sign appears on the screen.

RESULTS
Sample No.

Temperature of Sample
( C)

pH value

27

6.73

27

6.94

27

6.79

ANALYSIS OF DATA AND

DISCUSSION

ANALYSIS OF DATA
Parameters obtained compared to the river quality standard
BOD5

DO

pH

Colour

TDS

TSS

Inlet 1

III

II

III

Turbidit
y
II

Inlet 2

III

II

II

III

II

Outlet

III

II

II

IV

II

From the data obtained, we believed that there are a few factors which may have contributed to the pollution of the water
Pollution sources:
1. Drain from COE
2. Residence hotel
3. Masjid Uniten
4. DTasik Seafood Restaurant
Surrounding Area:
5. Ilmu-student Apartment
6. Residence Hotel
7. Masjid Uniten
8. DTasik Seafood Restaurant,
9. Food Court Upten

DISCUSSION

1. At inlets and outlet, the BOD value is at II. This shows that oxygen required for biological activities at Inlet is the
same at the Outlet. This indicates that the amount bacteria in the three samples are more or less the same.
2. The same goes to DO parameter value at Inlet and Outlet is the same which shows that the dissolve oxygen
can be considered as the same or just slight diferences. This is because the same amount of bacterias
consumed the dissolved oxygen.
3. pH parameter and color measurement value is the same which shows that there are no big diferences
between them.
4. For total dissolve solid, the Inlet 1 is at I but the inlet 2 and outlet water sample is at II. This shows that there
are more dissolve solid in Inlet 1 and outlet water sample compared to water sample at the inlet 1.
5. The parameter value for total suspended solid for water sample at inlet 1 and 2 are the same while at outlet it
is at IV which means it has higher suspended solid.
6. Turbidity parameter values also the same for both.

CONCLUSION
In conclusion, , we assume that the water samples at the three sources are at the same
level of pollution because the DO and BOD for the three samples are at the same class.
However, the TSS of the outlet is at class IIV which means that it is more polluted than
the water at the inlets. The retention pond is not efective enough in improving the
physical and chemical quality of the surface runof.
This is because water in the pond is treated through sedimentation to remove pollutants
and the nutrient uptake by vegetation or submerged plants to reduce the nutrient
concentration. High TSS can block the sunlight from entering the pond, hence the plants
cannot do photosynthesis and will die and decompose. Therefore, the pond will contain a
lot of nutrient and the water will not be treated.