PRESENTATION ON

DISASTER MANAGEMENT:
BY
BRIG (Dr) B.K. KHANNA,
SENIOR SPECIALIST (LCD)
NATIONAL DISASTER
MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY

PREVIEW
1. Disturbing Trends of Disasters and their Impact on India.
2. Factors Responsible for Increasing Number of Disasters.
3. Lessons Learnt from Recent Disasters.
4. Disaster Management Cycle.
5. Hazard Vulnerability of India.
6. Disaster Management Act, 2005.
7. Charter and Vision of NDMA.
8. Organisation of NDMA.
9. National Disaster Response Force.
10. Role of Armed Forces in Disaster Management.
11. Conclusion.

DISTURBING TRENDS OF
DISASTERS
AND

THEIR IMPACT ON INDIA

DISTRIBUTION OF NATURAL DISASTERS

ALASKA
CHINA
USA

JAPAN
INDONESIA
INDIA

AREA-WISE EVENTS (1975-2001)

IMPACT OF MITIGATION & PREPAREDNESS MEASURES

ALASKA
CHINA

USA

JAPAN
INDONESIA
INDIA

DISTRIBUTION OF PEOPLE AFFECTED BY DISASTER (1975-2001)

GLOBAL ECONOMIC LOSSES DUE TO DISASTERS

Losses
in US $
Billion
1960s
1990s

1970s

1980s
PERIOD

Note : 1. UN Declared the decade of 1990-1999 as International Decade

for Natural Disaster Reduction.
2. Losses 1995-1999 - Developed World 2.5% of GDP.
- Developing World 13.4% of GDP.
*Source www.em-dat.net

LOSSES DUE TO MAJOR EARTHQUAKES

(>6 ON RICHTER SCALE) IN JAPAN & USA
(2003 - 2005)
No of
Earthquakes

JAPAN
Ten
USA
Seven

Killed

Injured

Houses
Destroyed
Damaged

34

1048

> 496

>3553

02

59

>55

>235

MAJOR DISASTERS IN INDIA : 1990 - 2005

YEAR

PLACES

&

DISASTER

LOSS OF LIVES
(APPROX)

LOSS OF PROPERTY
( Rs Crore) (APPROX)

1991

Uttarkashi

Earthquake

2000

2000

1993

Latur

Earthquake

9500

6000

1997

Jabalpur

Earthquake

200

5000

1999

Chamoli

Earthquake

2000

2000

1999

Orissa

S Cyclone

9887

10000

2001

Bhuj

Earthquake

14000

13400

2004

SE India

Tsunami

15000

10000

2004

Assam & Bihar

Floods

700

5000

2005

J&K

Avalanche

350

100

2005

Mah, Guj, HP,

Karnataka, TNadu

Floods

1569

10300

2005

J&K

Earthquakes

1336

1000

56542

64800

Total Losses of Major Disasters only

1. If Average Annual Lives Lost are Added, Figure Will go to More than
2. Adding Average Annual Losses, the Figure Will be More than

INDIA
ECONOMIC LOSSES DUE TO DISASTERS

Losses in
Thousand
Crores

139 %

50 %

PERIOD

Annual- Impact on People

1. Losses in lives - 4334.
2. People affected - 30 Million.
3. Houses lost
- 2.34 Million.

Annual- Financial Losses

Percentage of Central Revenue
(for relief) 12%.

FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR

INCREASING NUMBER OF
DISASTERS

Population Growth and Urban

Development

Development Practices

Climatic changes

Effect of Environmental degradation

POLAR ICE CAPS

ARE MELTING
FASTER THAN
EVER
MORE AND MORE
LAND IS BEING
DEVASTATED BY
DROUGHT
RISING WATERS ARE
DROWNING LOWLYING
COMMUNITIES

VICIOUS CYCLE
BURNING FOSSIL
FUELS
AND BURNING
FORESTS RELEASE
CARBON

REDUCES OXYGEN
AND INCREASES
DROUGHT

INUNDATING LOW
COASTAL AREAS

GLOBAL
WARMING
MELTING POLAR
ICE RAISES SEA
LEVELS

NOW IT IS VERY MUCH EVIDENT THAT CLIMATE

DISRUPTIONS FEED OFF ONE ANOTHER IN
ACCELERATING SPIRALS OF DESTRUCTION.

LESSONS LEARNT
FROM THE RECENT
DISASTERS

HURRICANE KATRINA (US)

DIVISION OF RESPONSIBILITY

The countrys Emergency Operations awesome in their potential, are also

frighteningly inter dependent. Locals are in charge till they get
overwhelmed. Then they cede control to Feds but not entirely. The Scarier
things get, the fuzzier the lines of Authority become-------Uncertainty
develops at crucial moments-------Leaders are afraid to actually Lead.---
TIME, 19 September 2005
Hurricane
Impact
(Law & Order)
Loss of
Property and
Lives

CHAOS

Early warning

Overwhelmed
State

Response
Preparedness
Fed + State

24

48

Federal
96
72
Response (Fed + State )

IN HURRICANE RITA THE FEDERAL GOVT GOT INVOLVED FROM THE WARNING STAGE.

BANGLADESH - A SUCCESS STORY

IN PREPAREDNESS & RESPONSE
CYCLONES AREA COX BAZAAR
500,000

Losses
of
Lives

138,000

Even when
Population
had doubled

127111

1970
1991
1994 1997
Remarks
1. Losses of lives shown for Cyclones with equal Intensity.
2. Success as a result of well defined Responsibilities and Coordinated & Efficient Response
Mechanism.

Existed on Paper But,

Enforcement Lacking.
Most Crucial
Responder -NOT
Formally Part of
Response
Plan.
Technological Shortfall
Many Lives Could have
Been Saved.

NATURAL DISASTERS LESSONS LEARNT

1. Mitigation Systems Require Manifold Improvement & should
be Technology Driven.
2. Weakness in Early Warning Systems and Dissemination
of Information to Far Flung Areas.
3. Decision to Provide Aid :(a) Slow because of Procedures.
(b) Request from States not backed by Proper
Assessment.
4. States Organizations Not Geared to Guide & Receive Aid.
5. Disaster Response Resources at State Level
Very Inadequate.

NATURAL DISASTERS LESSONS LEARNT

6. Non Availability of Specialist Equipment,
(Incl Mobile Field Hospitals).
7. Assistance from NGOs NOT Coordinated & Optimised.
8. People - Principal Actors -- Focused Public Awareness
Campaign a Must.
9.
Post Disaster Relief & Reconstruction - Lot of GAPS.
10.

Positive Lesson -- Role of the Armed Forces

DISASTER MANAGEMENT CYCLE

Emergency Response

Disaster

Preparedness

Response/Relief

Rehabilitation

Prevention/
Mitigation

Reconstruction
Pre-disaster: risk reduction

Post-disaster: recovery

WHAT IS A DISASTER?
DISASTER is an event which is
-generally unpredictable,
-happens instantly or without giving enough time to react
-affecting a large number of people,
-disrupting normal life and leading to a large scale
devastation in terms of loss of life and property
-always finding the administration and affected people
struggling to respond in the desired manner and
-leaving deep socio-psychological, political and economic

CLASSIFICATION OF DISASTERS

Natural, Man-made & Humaninduced

Disasters occur in varied forms

Some are predictable in advance
Some are annual or seasonal
Some are sudden and unpredictable

Factors leading to a Disaster

Meteorological, Geological, Ecological or

Environmental, Technological Etc.

NATURAL DISASTERS
Floods

Earthquakes

Cyclones

Droughts

Landslides, Pest Attacks, Forest

Fires, Avalanches etc

TIME DURATION OF NATURAL

DISASTERS

Earthquakes
Cyclones
Floods
Droughts

->
->
->
->

Seconds/minutes
Days
Days
Months

DISASTER MANAGEMENT CONTINUUM

DISASTER MANAGEMENT

MITIGATION

Risk Analysis

Vulnerability
Analysis
Hazard
Assessment
Risk
Assessment

Prevention
Structural
Measures
Non-Structural
Measures

RESPONSE

Preparedness

Rescue

Warning and
Evacuation
Planning of
Disaster
Response

Relief
Note

LONG TERM
MEASURES

Rehab
Reconstruct.
&
Recovery

Being done efficiently

Needs better Planning
No Substantial Work
done so far

HAZARD
VULNERABILITY
OF INDIA

EARTHQUAKE HAZARD ZONES 2002

Zone V
IV

III

IV

MM IX or more
MM VIII
MM VII

Zone II MM VI

I MM V or less
together now make
Zone II MM VI or less
Area under the zones
V 12%
IV 18%
III ~27%
Total damageable
~ 57%

V
IV
V
V
III

III

WIND &
CYCLONE
HAZARD
ZONES IN
INDIA

FLOOD
HAZARD
PRONE
AREAS
OF
INDIA

LANDSLIDES
ZONATION
MAP
OF
INDIA

Severe Risk Area

High Risk Area
Moderate Risk Area
Unlikely Occurrence

1
4
10
17
3
*Even though affected only by Drought but suffers heavy
Financial Losses averaging Rs. 3 to 8 Thousand Crores, Annually.

*Types: Earthquake, Cyclone, Tsunami, Flood, Drought & Landslide.

DISASTER MANAGEMENT ACT, 2005

In order to Coordinate Central Govt efforts in
Preparedness, Prevention, Response, Mitigation, Relief
and Rehabilitation and for adoption of a Holistic
Pro-active Approach to Disaster Management, a
NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY has
come into being by an Act of Parliament in December
2005 under the Chairmanship of Prime Minister as the
NODAL AGENCY for Disaster Management in the
Country.

NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT STRUCTURE

GOVT OF INDIA
PLANNING
COMMISSION

CABINET COMMITTEE ON
SECURITY

NDMA
/ NEC

MHA

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF DISASTER

MANAGEMENT

OTHER MINISTRIES/
DEPARTMENTS
ARMED FORCES

CABINET COMMITTEE ON
MANAGEMENT OF NATURAL
CALAMITIES

NATIONAL DISASTER RESPONSE FORCE

HIGH LEVEL COMMITTEE

NATIONAL DISASTER MITIGATION RESOURCE

CENTRE

NATIONAL CRISIS MANAGEMENT

COMMITTEE

STATES/ UTs GOVTs

SDMAs

DEPARTMENT
OF HOME

MINISTRIES/
DEPARTMENTS

HOME GUARD

POLICE

CIVIL DEFENCE

FIRE SERVICES

STATE DISASTER
RESPONSE FORCE

DISTRICTS
DDMAs

DEPARTMENTS

COMMUNITY

HOME GUARD

CIVIL DEFENCE

LOCAL BODIES/ AUTHORITIES

POLICE & FIRE SERVICES

COMMUNITY

CHARTER NDMA
AND

VISION

CHARTER
The National Authority shall have the responsibility for
laying down Policies, Plans and Guidelines for Disaster
Management for ensuring Timely and Effective
Response to disasters (Both Natural & Man Made).
2. Coordinate the Enforcement and Implementation of the
Policy and Plans for Disaster Management.
1.

Plan

3.

Approve

Coord

Monitor

Ensure
Implementation

International Assistance and Cooperation.

VISION
The National Vision is, to build a Safer and Disaster
Resilient India, by developing a Holistic, Proactive,
Multi-hazard and Technology-Driven Strategy for DM.
This will be achieved through a Culture of Prevention,
Mitigation and Preparedness to generate, a prompt and
efficient Response at the time of Disasters. The entire
process will Centre-Stage the Community and will be
provided Momentum and Sustenance through Collective
efforts of all Government Agencies and NonGovernmental Organisations.

NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY

CHAIRMAN
(PRIME MINISTER)

CABINET COMMITTEE

CABINET COMMITTEE ON MANAGEMENT OF

NATURAL CALAMITIES

ON SECURITY

VICE CHAIRMAN
POLICIES, PREVENTION, MITIGATION & PREPAREDNESS
MR. K.M.
SINGH

Mr B
BHATTACHARJEE

MEMBER

MEMBER

Mrs. P.J RAO

LT. GEN. JRB

MR. M.K.

MR. M. S. REDDY

MR. NVC MENON

MEMBER

MEMBER

MEMBER

MEMBER

MEMBER

NATIONAL EXECUTIVE
COMMITTEE

SECRETARY NDMA

CAPACITY BUILDING, COMMUNICATIONS & NEOC WING

DISASTER MANAGEMENT WING

NATIONAL DISASTER MITIGATION RESOURCE CENTRES

NATIONAL DISASTER RESPONSE FORCE

NATIONAL
INSTITUTE OF
DISASTER
MANAGEMENT

DISASTER MANAGEMENT WING

Financial
Advisor

Finance

Accounts
& Audits

Policies &
Plans

Policies

Plans

Mitigation &
Preparedness

Project
Formulation &
Preparedness

Project
Monitoring

International
Cooperation

Media & Public

Preparedness

Media &
Information

Community
Preparedness

CAPACITY BUILDING, COMMUNICATIONS & NEOC

NEOC & CAPACITY BUILDING

Operations & Logistics

Control
Room

Logistics

Coordina
tion

Capacity Building
Strategic
Planning
& Policy

Scenario
Building

COMMUNICATIONS,SYS & KM

Communications

Operational
Commns

Logistics
Network

Systems & KM

IT &
Systems

Knowledge
Management
& IDRN
Network

NATIONAL DISASTER
RESPONSE FORCE

NATIONAL DISASTER RESPONSE FORCE

NDRF consists of 8 battalions, with 144 self sustaining teams for rendering
effective response to any threatening disaster situation or disaster.

Four battalions are for natural disasters and four for NBC.

NBC battalions will also be trained in combating natural disasters.

The force will be equipped with State of the Art equipment and will be
deployed in anticipatory manner to provide instantaneous response.

It will work under NDMA and will be located at nine vulnerable locations.

They will maintain close liaison with the State Governments and will be
available to them automatically, thus, avoiding long procedural delays.

Four Training Centres have been set up by PMF to train their respective NDRF
Battalions.

They will also meet the requirement of States/ UTs.

NDRF Battalions will impart basic training to State Disaster Response Force in
their respective locations.

NDRF BNS REGIONAL MITIGATION RESOURCE CENTRES

(RMRCS) & TRAINING CENTRES

CHANDIGARH
Bn
GR. NOIDA
Each

PATNA (SSB)
Bn

GUWAHATI

KOLKATA
GANDHINAGAR
BHUBANESHWAR
PUNE

HYDERABAD

LATUR
NAGPUR

CHENNAI

LEGEND

NDRF BNs/ RMRCs

TRAINING CENTRES
APEX TRAINING CENTRE

CONSTITUTION OF SPECIALISED SEARCH

AND RESCUE TEAM
Team Commander
(Inspector)
2 IC/ Ops Officer
(Sub Inspector)

Tech.
Support
(6)

Team A
(6)

Team B
(6)

Team C
(6)

Team D
(6)

Dog Squad
(3)

Medical
Support
Team
(3)

Adm. Support Team

(7)

Total 45 Personnel

CONSTITUTION OF SEARCH AND RESCUE TEAM FOR

NBC EMERGENCIES
Team Commander
(Inspector)
Information
Officer
(Sub Inspector)
Tech.
Support
(4)

Detection &
Assessment
Cum
Evacuation
Team (6)

Dy Team
Leader
(Sub Inspector)
Rescue
And
Evacuation
Team (6)

Rescue
and
Evacuation
Team (6)

Safety
Officer
(Sub Inspector)
Decontamination
Team
(6)

Medical Unit
(6)

Adm. Support Team (7)

Total 45 Personnel

For Development to be
Sustainable,
Disaster Mitigation Must be
Built Into
The Planning Process

EVERY DISASTER
MUST BE TREATED
AS
AN OPPORTUNITY
TO BUILD BACK BETTER

TAKE
TAKE
IT ON
ON
IT

DONT
PASS IT
ON

HAZARD
A dangerous condition or events that threaten or have the potential for
causing injury to life or damage to property or the environment.
Hazards are basically grouped in two broad headings:

Natural Hazards (hazards with meteorological, geological or biological

origin)

Unnatural Hazards (hazards with human-caused or technological

origin)
Natural phenomena are extreme climatological, hydrological, or
geological, processes. A massive earthquake in an unpopulated area, is
a natural phenomenon, not a hazard. But when these natural
phenomena interact with the man made habitat, they may cause wide
spread damage. Then, they become hazard

VULNERABILITY

Vulnerability is defined as "The extent to which a

community, structure, service, or geographic area is
likely to be damaged or disrupted by the impact of
particular hazard, on account of their nature,
construction and proximity to hazardous terrain or a
disaster prone area.
Physical vulnerability weak buildings, bridges, service
lines, lifeline structures, production units etc.
Social & Economic vulnerability
Human losses in disasters in developing countries are
seen to be higher when compared to developed countries.

RISK

Risk is a measure of the expected losses (deaths, injuries,

property, economic activity etc) due to a hazard of a
particular magnitude or Intensity occurring in a given area
over a specific time period.
Exposure: the value and importance of the various types of
structures and lifeline systems (such as water-supply,
communication network, transportation network etc in the
community serving the population)

HAZARD
VULNERABILITYRISK
DISASTER

LESSONS LEARNT HURRICANE KATRINA

And any time you break that cycle of Preparing, Responding, Recovering and
Mitigating, you are doomed to failure. And the policies and decision that were
implemented by DHS put FEMA on a path to failure.
-Michael Brown,Director,FEMA
General
1. The Foremost Lesson - all Facets of Disaster Cycle should be under one Agency
and not split among Multi-facet Authorities.
Mitigation & Preparedness
2. States Sovereignty be maintained in all Phases of Disaster Cycle.
3. Creating Culture of Preparedness at Community level.
4. Integrated Approach (of the Civil and Military efforts) for Preparedness. Coopt
Armed Forces in Disaster Response Plan.
5. Removal of Red Tapism and Bureaucratic Approach. US National Response Plan
is elaborate but Failed to Deliver. Need to Rewrite Rationale Response Plan to
include, conduct of mock drills periodically, state-of-the-art system in supply
chain management of relief supplies and inventory tracking.

6.

Training and Equipping of Central Response Force duly backed by trained teams
from Armed Forces

7.

Safe Houses . Identify shelters, for accommodating evacuees, both in Govt and
Private Sector, during Emergencies.

8.

Establishment of a Homeland Security University. On the lines of National

Defence University, for General Awareness, Training and Research.

9.

Use of Experts to find solutions to disaster related issues.

Communications
10. Failure within the DHS and in Communicating Relevant Information to Public, for
Early Warning, resulting in all available Federal Assets not being utilised. Need
to develop a more Comprehensive Emergency Communication System, to
ensure Survivability, Operability, Inter-Operability and Redundancy.
Response
11. Disaster Response Group at Central level to resolve disagreements
on Employment of Resources. This Group should also act as Single
Window Assistance Access for public.
12. Security of Assets by employing Local Law Enforcing Force for Law and Order.

13. Coordination, between:

(a)

Search & Rescue and Medical Teams.

(b)

State and Central Response Teams

(c)

Local (Distt), State and Central Response Teams, to have inter-operable

Communication Network.

(d)

At State level, Volunteer Coordinators in` State Emergency Operation

Centre, for coordinating Volunteer Efforts, like Debris Clearance, etc.

(e)

Integrated Command at field level local Response Units (National

Guards) and Active Duty Forces (ex Armed Forces) to work in tandem.
Mobile Command Field Centre near disaster site (not 80 km away
in Baton Rouge like during Katrina).
14. Need for National Emergency Operation Centre at DHS. DHS to have
a National Emergency Operations Centre, in addition to White House
Situation Room, regardless of whether President & the Secretary DHS are
in same place, to maintain flow of information from one agency.
15. Integrated Response. Civil and military assets to be combined and
employed as one resource and NOT in a graduated manner.

STRATEGIES FOR DISASTER MANAGEMENT

1. Change of Focus from Relief Centric to Holistic Approach.
2. Mainstreaming Disaster Management into all National
Developmental Programmes.
3. Empowerment of the Community to face the Disaster.
4. Emphasis on Training, Development of Human Capital and
Capacity Building.
5. Key Role of Educational and Professional Institutions for
Mass Education and Awareness.
6. Upgradation of the Key Responders.

STRATEGIES FOR DISASTER MANAGEMENT

7. Supporting and Enabling Mechanisms for the Districts
and States.
8. Failsafe Early Warning & Communication Systems.
9. Coordinated, Timely and Effective Response.
10. Involvement of NGOs & Corporate Sectors.
11. Time Bound Action Plan for Earthquakes, Floods &
Cyclones.
12. Pro-active Participation at the Regional and
International Level.

POLICY FORMULATION
TEAM COMPOSTION
1.
Concerned Member of Authority.
2.
Concerned Ministry Representative.
3.
Lead/Nodal Organisations/Departments Representatives.
4.
Project Team (When Study ordered on the
Subject).
5.
Advisors/Experts.
6.
Leading National (Academic IITs)
Institutions.
Secretarial Support
7.
Additional Secretary.
8.
Joint Secretary Planning.
9.
DDG Strategic Planning.