Chapter

Chapter 13
13 -- Exploration
Exploration and
and D
D
iscovery
iscovery

For Gold, Glory, and God!

1. Motives for Exploration

A) Marco Polo
Traveled to the Far E
ast (China) and retur
ned to Europe with e
xotic tales of gold an
d vast wealth
Sparked curiosity an
d desire to explore a
mong Europeans

B) How and Why?

1. Crusades exposure to Orient
2. Renaissance curiosity about other lands and
peoples.
3. Reformation refugees & missionaries.
4. Monarchs seeking money and power.
5. Technological advances.
6. Fame and fortune.

C) Motivations?
Search for New Tr
ade Routes
Quest for Gold
Desire for Advent
ure & Glory
Religious Concern
s

D) Tools for Exploration

Astrolabe
(Latitude)
Mariners Compass

Better Maps
Sextant

E) Vessels
o Ocean Going S
hips
o Sails, Storage,
Small Crew
o Caravel

2. Process of Discovery
1.Pioneers
2.Merchants
3.Soldiers
4.Settlers
5.Missionaries

A) Portugal and Spain

Were the leaders o
f the Age of Explor
ation
Very skilled sailors
Learned mapmaki
ng from the Moors
Sailed around Afric

1. Prince Henry
The Navigator
Began a school
for navigation
Fascinated with
exploring Africa

2. Bartolomeu Dias
Looking for a water route
to the Orient
Gets to the bottom of Afri
ca
Storm blows him out of si
ght of land for 13 days
But he rounded Cape of G
ood Hope!

3. Vasco de Gama
Sailed to India
Used wind currents
Out of sight of land for
14 weeks
One year to complete
Spices from India paid f
or voyage 60 times over

4. Christopher Columbus
Believed Earth was rou
nd
Get to China by going
West
Portugal said No
Ferdinand and Isabella
(Spain) financed his vo
yage

4. Christopher Columbus

August 1492
Nia, Pinta, Santa Maria
Determined

4. Christopher Columbus

Landed in the Bahamas

Never found riches

4. Christopher Columbus

Died thinking he landed in Asia

Opened up a whole New World

5. Line of Demarcation
Spain and Portugal asked Pope Alexan
der VI
Who can settle what?

5. Line of Demarcation
Settled the
dispute bet
ween Spain
and Portuga
l

5. Line of Demarcation
1. It encouraged Portugal to colonize Africa
an
d East Indies
2. Gave Spain the right to nearly all the New World;
except Brazil

5. Line of Demarcation
3. Cut Spain off from going around Africa
to China; looked for Westward Route

6. Ferdinand Magellan

Set out with 5 Ships

Wanted to find the Orient by
going West
Sailed to South America
Went around tip of S.A.
1 Deserted; another sunk in
a Storm
Reached Pacific Ocean Peac
eful

6. Ferdinand Magellan

In Pacific; ran out of supplies

Many sailors starved to death
Reached Philippines
Natives killed Magellan
Crew continued on to Spice Islands

6. Ferdinand Magellan
Only one ship remaining
of the 200 sailors that beg
an the trip; 18 survived
Three years to complete
1st Circumnavigation of the
Earth
Confirmed World was Roun
d

B. People of the New World

1.North Ameri
can
2.Central Ame
rican
3.South Ameri
can

1) North American Indians

5 categories of Ameri
can Indians
In general Less civ
ilized than Central a
nd South American N
atives

1) North American Indians

1. Northeastern Indians
Iroquois leading tribe

1) North American Indians

2. Southeastern Indians
Mound Builders

1) North American Indians

3. Plains Indians
Tepees; hunted buffalo; roamed

1) North American Indians

4. Southwest Indians
Cliff Dwellers; Adobe; Peaceful

1) North American Indians

5. West Coast Indians
Totem Poles

2) Central and South American Indians

o
o
o
o

More advanced
Large Cities
Traded with Neighbors
High Quality Art and Lite
rature
a) Mayans
b) Aztecs
c) Incas

A) Mayans
Noted for Artistic
and Intellectual
Advancement

A) Mayans
City-States
Modern day Mexico

A) Mayans
Pyramids, Temple
s, Highways
Hieroglyphics, ast
ronomy, Math
Collapsed before
Spanish arrival

B) Aztecs
Established after Mayans

B) Aztecs
Tenochtitlan
isla
nd in central Mexic
o
Venice of the New
World
Fighters
Conquered 5 Millio
n people

C) Incas
Western Coast of Sou
th America
Largest Indian Empir
e
1. Careful city planning
2. Elaborate Road Net
works
3. Courier system 15
0 miles per day

D. Spanish Exploration
Conquistadors
1. Search for Riches
2. Convert Indians to Ca
tholicism
3. Establish Spanish Lan
d
. Guns and Horses terr
ified the Natives

1. Vasco Nunez de Balboa

Searched for adventure
Took control of Spanish colon
y of Panama
Rumors of a great sea
First to discover the Pacific S
ea
Rival has him arrested; behe
aded

2. Hernando Cortes
Greatest of Conquist
adors
Went to Aztec King M
ontezuma
Thought a god had r
eturned to them
Gifts of Gold and Jewe
ls

2. Hernando Cortes
Uneasy Peace didn
t last
War easy Spanish
victory
Montezuma stoned
by people
Cortes founds Mexi
co City
Viceroys

3. Francisco Pizarro
Cruelest Conquista
dor
With Balboa
Search for Incas
Raided villages
Kidnapped Atahualp
a (King)
Ransomed

3. Francisco Pizarro
Collected 13,000 po
unds of Gold and twi
ce that in Silver
Killed him anyway
2 yrs; Founded Lima
Killed by other Conq
uistadors; stole his
Gold

4. Bartolomede Las Casas

o Roman Catholic Friar
o Minister to Indians
o Denounced cruelty to Nati
ves
o New Laws
1. No more slavery of Indian
s
2. No forced Conversions to
Catholicism

5. Hernando DeSoto
Served with Pizarro
(Peru)
Landed in Florida to s
earch for Gold
Discovered Mississipp
i River
Led way to more N.A.
expeditions

6. Francisco Vasquez De Coronado

Set from Ne
w Mexico
Search for C
ibola
Never found
Gold; failure

6. Francisco Vasquez De Coronado

Spain focused
on land it had
and not North
America since
no Gold was fo
und there!

3. People to the New World

A) French Explorers

1. Jacques Cartier
Sailed to Newfoundla
nd (Canada)
Founded Montreal
Searched for water p
assage to Pacific Oce
an
Never found it

2. Samuel de Champlain
Father of New Franc
e
Founded Quebec
Lake Champlain
Searched for Water P
assage

3. Marquette and Joliet

Paddled downstream
of the Miss. River all t
he way to Arkansas
Claimed the valley fo
r France
Named for King Louis
Louisiana!

3. People to the New World

B) Dutch Explorer

1. Henry Hudson
English hired by D
utch
Water Route to Eas
t
Hudson River
Settled New York f
or Dutch

3. People to the New World

C) English Explorers

1. John Cabot
Led 2 expeditions to
New World
Coast of Canada and
New England
Claimed for England
No gold, but good fis
heries

2. John Smith
Jamestown, Virg
inia
1607
First Permanent
English Colony

3. People to the New World

D) East responds to West

1. China
Resented European in
volvement
Set in tradition and lif
estyle
Portuguese bloody
battles with China tryi
ng to force their way i
n trade

2. Japan

Japan more open initia

lly
Francis Xavier
Jesuit Missionary
Resented Missionaries
that followed
Emperor had many kill
ed and closed countr
y

4. The Commercial Revolution

Wealth pouring into Europe and

the changes in business thinking
and practice

4. The Commercial Revolution

A) Mercantilism

A) Mercantilism
o Nations acquiring Wealt
h
o Colonies exist for the goo
d of the Mother Country
o Colonies only trade with
Mother Country
o Cannot produce what Mot
her Country produces

A) Mercantilism

Cannot trade with other colonies

Favorable balance of trade

A) Mercantilism
Results?
1. Hurt colonies
2. Nations horded
the gold
3. Didnt help the
people

 Who ben
efits?

B) Capitalism
Individuals ad
vancing wealt
h
Using $ to ma
ke $$$
Bankers
Joint-stock Co
mpany

B) Capitalism
Capital: supply of money
Dividends: Share of profi
ts and losses
Prospectus: details of pr
oposed adventure
Underwriter: backing a fi
nancial adventure

Chapter 13 Age of Exploration

The End!