IPGM KAMPUS PERLIS,

BEHOR PULAI,
01000 KANGAR,
PERLIS.

HYDROCARBONS: THE EFFECT ON THE

ENVIRONMENT

Prepared by:
Wan Nur Hafizah Binti Wan Hussain
PPISMP SN/BI/BM Sem 3
INTRODUCTION

HYDROCARBON

PHOTOCHEMICAL SMOG

GREENHOUSE EFFECT

GLOBAL WARMING

SOLUTION

RESISTANCES
 INTRODUCTION

Hydrocarbons derived from petroleum, natural gas, or coal

are essential in many ways to modern life and its quality. The
bulk of the world’s hydrocarbons is used for fuels, electrical
power generation, and heating. The chemical, petrochemical,
plastics and rubber industries are also dependent upon
hydrocarbons as raw materials for their products.

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 HYDROCARBON

Hydrocarbons are the simplest organic compounds .

They can be straight-chain, branched chain, or cyclic
molecules. Carbon tends to form four bonds in a
tetrahedral geometry. Hydrocarbon derivatives are formed
when there is a substitution of a functional group at one
or more of these positions.

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 TYPES OF HYDROCARBON

Saturated ●
They have no double, triple, or aromatic bonds
between carbons
Hydrocarbon ●
These are the least dangerous of the three

Unsaturated ●
They have at least one double or
Hydrocarbon triple bond between carbons

Polycylic ●
They have at least one aromatic ring of
Aromatic carbons
Hydrocarbon (PAHs)
●
PAHs are the most lethal hydrocarbon

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 UNBURNED HYDROCARBON

Unburned hydrocarbon comes mainly from

hydrocarbon in the fuel that has not been burnt in
vehicle engine. For example, the incomplete
combustion of octane in petrol will cause hydrocarbon
together with carbon monoxide with water. They
escape into the atmosphere together with octane that
is unburned hydrocarbon.

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 HYDROCARBON POLLUTION

Hydrocarbon products, especially oils, exert detrimental

effects on the aquatic organism.

Hydrocarbons react in the presence of nitrogen oxides

and sunlight to form ground-level ozone, a major
component of smog.

Nitrogen oxides, like hydrocarbons, are precursors to the

formation of ozone and contribute to acid rain.

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 HYDROCARBON POLLUTION

Most CO, a poisonous gas is produced when air-

to-fuel ratios are too low in the engine during
vehicle starting, when cars are not tuned properly,
and at higher altitudes, where thin air reduces the
amount of oxygen available for combustion

Hydrocarbon pollutants also escape into the air

through fuel evaporation

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 HYDROCARBON POLLUTION

Benzene and other less known hydrocarbons are

produced in petroleum refining, and are widely used as
solvents and as materials in the production of various
industrial products and pesticides.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are a group of

chemicals that are formed during the incomplete burning
of coal, oil and gas, garbage, or other organic substances.

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 PHOTOCHEMICAL SMOG

Photochemical smog is a mixture of air pollutants

which have been chemically altered into further noxious
compounds by exposure to sunlight.

The main components of photochemical smog are

nitrogen oxides, Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs),
tropospheric ozone, and PAN (peroxyacytyl nitrate).

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 PHOTOCHEMICAL SMOG

They tend to smell bad, degrade materials, cause

respiratory problems and illnesses, and irritate the eyes and
other mucous membranes.

Some of the compounds in photochemical smog form

when energy from sunlight transforms various pollutants
into other unpleasant substances.

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GREENHOUSE EFFECT
ANIMATION

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GREENHOUSE EFFECT
VIDEO

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 GLOBAL WARMING

Global Warming, the general increase in the earth's

near-surface air and ocean temperatures, remains a
pressing issue in a society that has expanded its
industrial use since the mid-twentieth century.

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 THE EFFECT OF GLOBAL WARMING

The melting of the polar ice caps

Changing albedo (the ratio of the light reflected by

any part of the earth's surface or atmosphere)

Changes in wildlife adaptations and cycles

The ocean becomes more acidic

Enhance the spread of diseases

The climate change

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GLOBAL WARMING VIDEO

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 SOLUTION

Reducing dependence on fossil fuels.

Increasing the use of renewable energy

Expanding forests

Making lifestyle choices that help to sustain the

environment.

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 SOLUTION

Reduce combustion of all kinds

Reduce electricity use around the house

Improve vehicle-fuel efficiency

Recycling

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 RESISTANCE

The problem with all alternative fuels is that the

manufacture of fuels requires energy, distribution, and a
manufacturing infrastructure that consume energy, often
derived from burning fossil fuels. No alternative fuel is
ideal. While ethanol has been championed as an alternative
to petroleum fuels, it mainly helps to reduce dependency on
oil producing countries.

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 RESISTANCE

When ethanol is made from corn, more than 75% of

its energy value must be spent on its production. Burning
ethanol still produces carbon dioxide. Climate change
with extreme weather events threatens corn production.
The new competition between hastily constructed
ethanol plants and food production became an
international issue in 2008.  Other approaches to new
fuels made from non-food plant sources are part of the
solution. 

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 RESISTANCE

Ultimately cars might burn hydrogen in fuel cells, but

despite working prototypes, a hydrogen economy is a
distant fantasy. The biggest problem is that producing
hydrogen requires a large amount of energy. In Canada,
there are opportunities to dam rivers and produce
electricity with falling water, a non polluting, renewable
energy resource. A more problematic energy source would
be nuclear reactors that "burn" uranium or plutonium.

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 RESISTANCE

Even if new non-polluting energy sources are

developed, hydrogen storage and distribution
requires a new, very expensive infrastructure that
could replace gasoline and diesel fuels.

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END SHOW