ORGANIC

CHEMISTRY

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
branch of chemistry that deals
with carbon-containing
compounds with: H, O, P, N, S,
X (halides)

CARBON

only element that can bind to itself

contains 4 binding sites for other atoms to
attach to it
these 4 binding sites, when bonded with
other atoms/molecules form a tetrahedron

found in group 4, period 2

atomic number: 6

 1s22s22p2
needs 4 more electrons to complete
its octet
valence: 4
neither donate or receives electrons
can only share: covalence

HYDROCARBONS
Aliphatic - single chain, no ring/s involved
Saturated: single bonds only (Ex: Alkanes)
Unsaturated: has multiple bonds (Ex: Alkenes
& Alkynes)

Aromatic - presence of ring/s, specifically

benzene ring and its derivatives
Examples: Benzene, Naphthalene,
Anthracene

 Alicyclic or Carbocyclic - they are

chains that form a ring and behave
like aliphatics (single bond)
Examples: cyclopropane, cyclobutane,
cyclopropene, cyclobutene

HUCKEL'S RULE
used to determine if a compound is
aromatic or not

4n + 2 = eNote: If n = whole number, then substance

is aromatic

HYDROCARBON DERIVATIVES

are hydrocarbons that bear

other carbon and hydrogen
atoms and other elements
such as oxygen, nitrogen,
sulfur or halogen, etc.

1. Halogen-containing

Alkyl halides (RX)

Aryl halides (Aromatic ring - X)

2. Oxygen-containing
Alcohol/ phenol, ether, aldehyde
and keton
Carboxylic acids and their
derivatives (esters, amides,
anhydrides, acid/acyl chloride)

3. N-containing
Amines
Heterocyclic N-compounds

4. S-containing
Thiols
Thioethers
Thiophenols

SIMPLE HYDROCARBONS
Chain or series of HC
Classification:
Alkanes
Alkenes
Alkynes

SYSTEMS OF NOMENCLATURE
Common
uses the name given when it was
discovered
eg. Formic acid (Latin, formica = ants)
uses prefixes: -n, -iso, -neo

Derived Names - derived from a

parent compound

 IUPAC - International Union of Pure and

Applied Chemistry
most systematic
eg. 2-methylhexane
based on:
A. longest continuous C chain or parent chain
B. use of numbers
C. use of C # prefixes

No. of C
atoms

Prefix

No. of C
atoms

Prefix

meth

hex

eth

hept

prop

oct

but

non

pent

10

dec

IUPAC RULES

Name by considering the longest

chain
Number C atoms consecutively from
one end so that the branches or
substituents are given the lowest
position numbers
Identify the substituents and indicate
the positions by using numbers

 If there is more than one of the

same substituent/alkyl group on
the chain, indicate the number of
groups by using prefixes: di, tri,
tetra and so on.

ALKANES
also called paraffins/ saturated
hydrocarbons

Nomenclature Rules for Alkanes

General Formula: CnH2n+2

Contain only C-C single bonds
Suffix is -ane, -yl for alkyl
Name of the parent chain:
Eg. Meth + ANE = methane

# C Rootword

+ "ane"

Formula

Dehydrogena
ted

1
meth

methane

CH4

methyl

ethane

C2H6

ethyl

propane

C3H8

propyl

butane

C4H10

butyl

pentane

C5H12

pentyl

eth

prop

but

pent

ALKYL GROUPS (R)

are alkanes with one hydrogen
atom removed.
CH4 ----> -CH3 (methyl)

 Can participate in van der waals

interaction and hydrophobic bonding
Metabolism: oxidation
Aryl Groups (Ar) - an aromatic
(benzene ring) with a hydrogen atom
removed.

Reactions to Consider
Combustion - a chemical
reaction in which HC burns
(rapid oxidation) and produces
carbon dioxide and water.

Cycloalkanes
Cyclopropane or trimethylene
Cyclobutane
Cyclopentane

Ways of Representing the Structure of

Molecules and Classes of Formulae

Empirical Formula - the simplest

possible formula showing the whole
number stoichiometric ratio of the
different atoms (elements) in the
compound.
Ex: Propane is C3H8
2-methylpropane is C2H5

 Molecular Formula summarizes all the atoms in

the molecule but does not
show their arrangement at all.
Ex: Propane is C3H8
2-methylpropane is C4H10

 Shortened or Abbreviated
Formula - shows how groups of
atoms are linked or sequenced in
a molecule.
Ex: Propane is CH3CH2CH3
Methylpropane is (CH3)3CH
Butane is CH3CH2CH2CH3

 Full Structure - gives a '2D'

projection-representation of
the molecule and must
clearly show how all the
atoms are connected

 Stereochemical Formula - the

full structural/graphical/displayed
formula in terms of the 3D
structural or spatial arrangement
of the atoms.

ALKENES

Nomenclature Rules for Alkenes

contain at least one double bonded
carbon pair
they follow the same naming
convention used for alkanes
end in "ene"
General Formula: CnH2n

Naming Alkenes

Name an alkene by considering its

longest carbon chain that contains
double bond.
Number the longest continuous chain
starting from the end that gives the
lowest number to the position of the
double bond.

 Indicate the position of the attached

alkyl group/s by name and number.
If there is more than one of the same
substituent/alkyl group on the chain,
indicate the number of groups by
using prefixes.

Forces involved
Van der waals interaction
Hydrophobic bonding

Metabolism:

more reactive than alkyl groups

hydration
epoxidation
peroxidation
reduction

ALKADIENES

contain 2 C=C
name: indicate the position of
double bond + prefix + diene
CH2=CHCH=CH2

ALKYNES

Hydrocarbons that bear 2 or

more carbon atoms sharing a
triple bond
General Formula: CnH2n-2

OTHER FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

Halides

process is called halogenation

formation of an alkyl or aryl halide
functional group: R-X
example: -F, -Cl, -Br, -I