INTRODUCTION

Syn React
XS

GT
XT

GEN
V
Ex

AVR
Ref Volt
level

Infinite
Bus

BASIC CONCEPT

+X
Syn Gen
over-Excited zone

Syn Condencer
Over-excited zone

-R

+R
Syn Motor
under-Excited

Syn Gen under-Excited zone /

Ind. Gen No Excitation (FB open)

-X

OPERATIONAL REQUIREMENT
* FAST & HIGH RESPONSE

* HIGH DEGREE OF RELIABILITY

* STABLE ARREANGEMENT OF FIELD DISCHARGE

INCREASED
EXCITATION

STEADY STATE
OVER SHOOT
1 pu
0.9 pu
SETTLING
TIME

Exciter Voltage

Response Characteristics

RESPONSE CHARECTERISTICS

Ceiling
Rated

0.5Sec

Rise Time
TIME

Steady State Error < 0.5%

Ideal Performance One Over
shoot & One Under Shoot

STABLE
ZONE

Time

Pmax

P2

UNSTABLE
ZONE

P
P1

P=

ExV

90

180

Sin

X
E

TRANSIENT STABILITY
Severe disturbance during FAULT for a short time
dip in the M/C terminal voltage & power transfer
resulting acceleration of m/c.

I.XS

Load
2
I

DYNAMIC STABILITY
Following a disturbance , the group of m/c operating in the sane control group
Experience smaller oscillation reacting with each other , Hence change of Excitation
May not result in a stable operation for a slow acting exciter having a inherent time delay
Depending on the oscillation a separate excitation requirement to be meet. Faste excitation
System meet this requirement rather avoid this problem to certain extent by PSS to damp out
The smaller oscillation

I.Xe
2
1

1
I at Unity PF
I Lag

V Infinite
Bus Voltage

CAPABILITY & LIMITATION

Under Excitation
Limiter (Man)

Field
Current
Limiter

1pu 247MW

220 MW
Turbine Limit

d tion
e
t a
Ra xcit
E
70MW

118 100

LEADING

Ra
M ted
VA

Under Excitation
Limiter (Auto)

Stator
Current
Limiter

210MW

130

LAGGING

Type of Excitation System

* DC EXCITATION SYSTEM : Using DC Exciter & Voltage Regulator
* AC EXCITATION SYSTEN: Using AC exciter, static rectifier & volt. regulator
* BRUSHLESS EXCITATION SYSTEM: AC exciter, rotating diode & volt. regulator
* SEE : static excitation system without any rotating machine, Thyristor used for
Controlled DC of main generator

COVENTIONAL DC EXCITER
Fig-1A

Additional Fld
Wndg

Controller

FF

GEN

FDR

DC
Exciter

Shunt Fld Wndg

FB
3 ph
AC

FB

Fig-1B

Shunt Fld

From Pilot Exciter

DC
Exciter

Buck Fld

Amplidyne
Mag Ampl
Gen Volt Feedback

Boost Fld

INDIRECT HIGH FREQ. AC EXCITER WITH BRUSH &

WITHOUT BRUSH

PMG
AC
Exciter

GEN
With Brush

FB

Without Brush

FF
AC
Exciter

GEN
Rotating Diode

FDR

BASIC DIA. OF BRUSHLESS EXCITATION SYSTEM

For
Rotor E/F

Q-Axis Coil

MAIN
EXCITER

10
no

PMG

2 set

+ve Wheel
10
no

10
no

GEN
2080A
235V

420V 150Hz
3200A

220V
400Hz Q
a
x
i
s

6 50A 1sec,15KWS

FB
FDR

AVR

-ve Wheel

ON/OFF &
STATUS

CT
mv

(AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE REGULATOR)

Generator
Control Desk

GRP(L/O) &
ATRS (speed>
& < 2790 rpm

PT

BASIC DIA. OF STATIC EXCITATION SYSTEM

Excitation
Transformer
CT

Extn Tr. O/C Prot

575 volt

1
Amp

Gen.
Control
Desk

AVR
(AUTOMATI VOLTAGE
REGULATOR)

Six Pulse
_

BRIDGE NO-2

Aux
Tr

BRIDGE NO-4

2. 5MVA

PT

CT

ON/OFF &
STATUS

FB
Shunt

Shunt

FF

3 ph
415v ac

FDR
220v DC

BLOCK DIA. AVR (BRUSHLESS)

mv

GCD

VT1

~_
_
~

SET POINT
GEN VOLT (AUTO)

PSS

VT3

OVER-EXCITATION
LIMITER

V/Hz
LIMITER
REACTIVE POWER >

-+

Reactive
Power
Compensation

UNDER-EXCITATION
LIMITER

+-

FROM GCD
RAISE / LOWER

M
RAISE / LOWER

v(man) FOLLOW

SET POINT
EIELD AMP (MAN)

UP
CONTROL
Ust (A)

Ust (M)

-+

ACTIVE POWER >

CT

-/+

UNDER EXCITATION
LIMITER (MAN)
RAISE COMMAND &
BLOCK LOWER

FIELD
AMP

+/-

Volt
Reg

+
-

EXCITATION
BUILD UP
& FLD FOCING
LIMITATION
(Rectifier Limit)

Current
Reg (A)

CURRENT
REGULATOR
(MAN)

Ust (-)

Ust (-)

FIRING
CARD (A)

FIRING
CARD (M)

PULSE BLOCK
ACTUAL
GEN VOLT

FIELD
AMP

mv

GEN PROT & ATRS

FROM GCD
AUTO / MAN
CHANGEOVER

_
V

FIELD
SUPPRESSION
A/M
CHANGE OVER

FB ON /OFF & STATUS

FIRING PULSE

SYN.
VOLT

SET POINT CONTROL COMMAND (AUTO & MAN)

MATCH

LOWER COMMAND
AUTO SYN
GCD

UNDER EXCT.
LIMITER OPTD.

LOWER

OR

OR
DE-Exct(FB OFF)

AUTO RAISE

AVR
RAISE COMMAND
AUTO SYN
GCD

SET POINT LOWER

AUTO LOWER

AVR in AUTO

OVER EXCT
LIMITER OPTD

RAISE

OR

EXCT. LOW
GEN VOLT <

AVR

MAN LOWER

AVR in MAN

OR
GCB is ON
MATCH

SET POINT LOWER

OR

REF. MIN.

MATCH

AVR in AUTO

A
SET POINT RAISE U
T
O

LOWER FROM
FOLLOW UP

OR

MAN RAISE
SET POINT RAISE
RAISE FROM FOLLOW UP
RAISE FROM UNDER EXCT (MAN)

REF. MAX.

OR

M
A
N

GENERATOR VOLTAGE SET POINT (AUTO & MAN)

AUTO
SET PT. LOWER (A)
SET PT. RAISE (A)

CONTROL
& LOGIC

UP / DOWN
COUNTER
0-1024 for 30Sec

010V (0% --100%)

D/A
CONVERTER

VOLT
REG.
(A)

FB CLOSE COMMAND

+7.2--+8..8 V
(90% --110%)

95% VOLT (256 COUNT)

_
+

MAN

_
_

0-+5.7V
(0-110%)

SET PT. LOWER (M)

SET PT. RAISE (M)

CONTROL
& LOGIC

UP / DOWN
COUNTER
0-1024 for 30 Sec

CURRENT
REG (M)

D/A
CONVERTER
010V (0% ---100%)

VOLTAGR REGULATOR (AUTO)

INT. TIME
1sec

MAN

FEED
BACK

-8.0V (100%)

22M

FOLLOW UP INT

_
220K
DYN. P.
GAIN

LIMITER

STATIC GAIN
FOLLOW
Integrator. UP INT
O/P
100K
100K

100K

_ PI O/P

_
INV. LIMIT

100

MAN
RECT. LIMIT

A/M Balance

+7.2
+8.8V

-4

Sel Sw

-1

100

+1.23V

33K

33K

+10
+5.5v

_
DEVIATION
90%110%

110%
(23A)

47K

GCB OFF

+10v
OR

REFERENCE
SET POINT

-10V (>150% of 23A)

47K

FF LIMITED
AVR PNL

-1

1--RUN UP
0RUN BACK

RAMP FUNC
GENERATOR
UP 20Sec
DN 5Sec

(SPEED > & FB ON)

-10 V
<+5.2V
AVR FAULTY
RAMP GEN FAULTY
A / M C/O (AVR in AUTO & GCB ON

Initially OV at RAMP UP it
reaches +10 V Ceiling level
46.5A ,135V for 10 sec
_

<+0.8V

RAMP GEN LOW

(PERMISSIVE OF
FB CLOSE)

T
O
C
U
R
R
E
N
T
R
E
G
U
L
A
T
O
R

FOLLOW UP INTEGRATOR & MATCHING

FB ON
_

INT >I f

INT < I f

VOLT
INT > I f

OR

BLOCKING
OF AUTO

VOLT
INT <I f
TO VOLT
REGULATOR
MATCH

I 23A-5V

_
_

A/M
Balance

FOLLOW UP
INT
-10V

+ 10V

DEV + HIGH
_
+

MAN

OR

DEVIATION
Ust (AUTO)

DEV -- HIGH

+10V

MAN

MAN N/O
-10V

_
AUTO

Ust
(MAN)

LOW FROM
FOLLOW UP

OR
_

MAN
MAN SET VALUE

SET PT.
NO-LOAD

OR
AUTO

OR

MATCH
GCB OFF

F/UP
FAULTY

SET POINT RAISE (M)

FB OFF /
DE-EXCT

AUTO
FB ON

RAISE FROM
FOLLOW UP

FB OFF

SET POINT
LOWER
(M)

CURRENT REGULATOR (AUTO)

1.1 X 200% I f (23A)

I f (50A)
ACTUAL +10V

33K

-5V (23A)
SET POINT FROM
VOLT. REG (PI)

+VE for RECTIFIER

-VE for INVERTER

33K

High Gain

-0.57V

UGN)

MATCHING

-15V

(110%

Fld. Forcing Limiter Faulty (AM)

GCB OFF

+15V
DE-EXCT
(FB OFF)

UST AUTO
-ve <90 Rectifier
-5v32.8
+ ve >90 Inverter
+5v 148
0 V 90

UNDER EXCITATION LIMITER (MAN)

(-)

(+)

GEN VOLT
(ACTUAL)

A
>+0.2V BLOCKING
OF SET POINT.(M) LOW

Point- A

IS
I Sin

MAN
+ ve ON
RESPONSE.

(-) Under Excited

(+) Over Excited

UTR

-ve on
Response

Point-B

(+)

I Cos

UST
URS

>+0.5V RAISE TO
MAN SET PT. HIGH

Angle-

GEN VOLT > 85%

CURRENT REGULATOR (MAN)

FROM GEN VOLT SET POINT

Matching

+5.7 (110%)

100K

+1

-4

-5.5V
(110%)

EXCT. CURRENT
(ACTUAL)

INV

FIRING
CKT

Ust

+10
+5..3V

+
Gr-1 & -2
-

RECT

GEN VOLT
(ACTUAL)

(-)

-2.18V

+10

GEN VOLT 106%

GCB
OPEN

-4

+10

FB
TRIP

AUTO / MANNUAL CHANGE OVER

By Fault OR By Desire

AUTO
CHANNEL

By Desire only

MAN
CHANNEL

By Desire must be enable through MATCH Push Button

Prior to change over Channel to be healthy
Fault: (1) Thyristor Set Auto Faulty
(24 MCB OFF,400Hz Power Source OFF,
Main Exct Fld Current Low, Conduction Monitor
with time delay 100msec)
(2) Field forcing Limiter ( 200% Ifn / Ramp Gen at GCB OFF)Faulty Td 0.3
sec.
( Gen Reactive Current >)
( Gen Voltage >)/ (O/P Volt Tyhr.Set >)
(3) Auto Channel Power Supply Faulty
(400Hz Gate Control MCB
( 24V ,15V MCB)
(4) Gen actual Voltage Faulty (PT sensing voltage Faulty)

OVER EXCT. LIMITER (FIELD CURRENT)

ALARM
Gain
adjusted so
as 10V at
140%

Gain

IF2N=23A

Integrator
_

+1

23A(+6V)

50A +10V

-ve

-6.3V (105%)

-15V

-10V
GEN VOLT SET POINT
(AUTO)

LIMIT
VLUE

+ve
Integrator

-10V

+1

MAN
-9.49V

>0.1V

Response Time 10Sec

_

SET POINT
OF
RESPONSE

BLOCKING
SET POINT
(RAISE)

+4.58V RESET

-10V to +5V
On Response
CLOSE
ON AUTO
-8.49V
-10V
SEL SW

-1.67V

+7.2V (90%) to 8.8V

(110%)

+5V at VGN
30s

Res. Time
20s

10s

Integrator Reset on Manual

From Stator Current Limiter

1.2

Setting

1.4
FLD CURRENT

STATOR
CURRENT
LIMITER

V
O
L
T
R
E
G

OVER EXCT. LIMITER (STATOR CURRENT)

Stator Current

+15V

+VE

GAIN

+6V
(9054A)

+1

-6.3V (105%)

SEL SW

R
E
G

-10V
LIMITE
VALUE

Gain adjusted 140%

Ign=-10V

-9V

ALARM
STATOR CURRENT
HIGH

750ms

+5V

Td

At

Over Excitation
>130MVAR

FROM

Vgn

PERMISSION
FOR STATOR CURRENT LIMITER
_

-6V (247MVAR)

V
O
L
T

CLOSE
ON AUTO

Resp. Time
+10-10V
10sec

ROTOR CURRENT LIMITER

LED IND
REACTIVE CURRENT HIGH

-10V

UNDER EXCITATION LIMITER Characteristics (AUTO)

GEN VOLT (-8V dc)

-1
+2.88V (118MVAR)
A

IY ~
_

MVAR
+ Lag
- Lead

VBR ~

IY

6V

-1.71V
B

(247MVAR))

+ve on
Response
-ve on
Response

(70MW)

+ 6V
(247MW)

MW

218MW

-2.43V
(100MVAR)

VY-B
VY-R

- 10V
_
+1
C

-6.0V (247MW)
-5.31V
(218MW)

70MW

B
A
118MVAR

100MVAR
LEAD

0
LAG

UNDER EXCITATION LIMITER Dynamic Performance (AUTO)

PROPORTIONAL

P Gain

+VE ON
RESPONSE
_

SEL SW

AUTO

-VE ON RESPONSE
+1

VOLT REG
INTEGRATOR
Min. to
Respond
(-0.7V)

475K

B2

-1
SEL SW

1F
1K
Match with
exciter Time
Const.

AUTO

+1
-VE ON RESPONSE

LIMITER OF FAST CORRECTING

ACTION OF PROP. AMPLIFIER
INTEGRATOR RESET
+
_

+ VE
BLOCKING
GEN VOLT < 85%

>2V
_

GEN VOLT REF.

+7.2V ---+8.8V

Gen Volt
> 90%

_
+10V

+5V
+10V

ALARM OF
RESPONSE

V
O
L
T
R
E
G

V/Hz LIMITER (AUTO)

GEN VOLT >0.5 pu
AUTO

Vf

GEN VOLT

+8V =50Hz

VYB

INTEGRATOR

GEN VOLT

VY-N
-7.2 to 8.0V
1 pu to 1.1 pu

V VG
-7.44V
(1.07 pu)

+ ve to ve
ON RESPONSE

+10V

Response Value
(Setting)

-1

V/Hz HIGH
ALARM

V/Hz
1.2
1.3

+1

TIME
18sec
10sec

_
_

SEL SW

30s

Res. Time

-ve to +ve

20s

ON ACTION
VOLT REG

10s

1.2

Setting

1.3
V /Hz ( p.u.)

REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION (AUTO)

Control the Generator voltage to partly compensate for the voltage drop due to Unit Transformer
or voltage rise due to long Transmission line charging on Generator voltage build up specially for
Hydro set
Effect of this reactive current adjustable between 0..0.1% of rated voltage
AVR of the large generators are preferably operated without compensation

+/-6V 247MVAR

VOLTAGE
REGULATOR

POWER SYSTEM STABILISER (AUTO) PART-1

0.61Vac
210MW

+5.5V
_

+
Tc=10sec

U
+

V P
(Change of Power)
-10+10V
ACCELARATING SIGNAL

0
+

0
0..-10V

0V for P> Pmin (60%)

V F (Change of Freq.
i.e. Slip Signal)
-10..+10V

Tc=10sec

F
U

2V / HZ
< > 50HZ

SENSING OF ROTOR SIGNAL

V-I.Xq (Xq=1.89)

0V at 50HZ
0

Power Monitor
>60%
VOLTAGE MONITOR
>90% <110%

SIGNAL CONVERTER
3Volt for 1pu of Voltage & Current
Signal

ACTIVE POWER SIGNAL CONVERTER

POWER SYSTEM STABILISER (AUTO) PART-2

STABILISING SIGNAL ADAPTER

SUMMING & MONITORING

PROPORTION REGULATOR
Kp
Weighted P

S/H Peak value Detector

K-

K+

Diff.

**

-1.6V

C 5..10%

Km

LIMITATION
+1.6V

Sel Sw

K+
For FAULT P/ t >0.15pu / 100 msec

Weighted F

STAB. SIGNAL
EXCCED LIMIT
>20 SEC
MONITORING
(BLOCKING)

AUTO
&
PSS ON

ACTIVE POWER < 60% (BLOCK)

VOLTAGE >90% <110% (BLOCK)

Gain Km at
NETWARK
FAULT
PROP. WT.
With Z.Diode
(Kp+C) (I/P)

Weighting of Stab. Signal during

Power Swing have a square
characteristics i.e. for small swing
influence of Slip Stab. be very week
& for large swing influence of Slip
Stab be very strong.

** Mixing Resistor determine the

weighting of Stab Signal w.r.t. Signal
of Voltage Regulator

10k820K (#1,2)/
560K(#3) done during tuning
of PSS through Step Test

V
.
R
E
G

FIRING CARDS (AUTO)

0 ENABLE
1 (N/C) BLOCKING

M
MONITOR M
POTENTIAL
HEALTHYNESS

DOUBLE PULSE BLOCKING 1 BLOCK ;0 ENABLE

180- / 20
ZERO CROSSING
DETECTOR
+

9V

220V 400HZ
From PMG

5.6V

9V

b6

d28

30V 400HZ

9V

L
O
G
I
C

PULSE
FINAL

(DOUBLE
PULSE)

T-

AMPLIFIER
z28 d24

0 BLOCKING
1 (N/C) ENABLE

INVERTER LIMIT 148

G (MIN ANGLE) RECTIFIER

A32
LIMIT

M75

ST+

W (MAX ANGLE)

S+

6 PULSE

Ust

At Ust =0V

R-

STAGE

0=90

R+

BLOCKING AT "MAN BY
SELECTION

0BLOCKING
1(N/C)ENABLE
BLOCKING AT
RUNBACK MODE (GCB
OFF & SPEED <) OR FB
TRIP ON PROT. OPTD.
EXCT. BLOCKED AT
AVR PANEL
SWITH OFF POWER
ISOLATOR THY(AUTO
ONLY)
AUTO NOT SELECTED

FIELD BREAKER CONTROL DURING START-UP & SHUTDOWN

PERMISSION
FB ON

AUTO & RAMP MIN

AUTO SET MIN
AUTO CH. HEALTHY
MAN & SET MIN
MAN CH. HEALTHY

OR

FB ON
COMMAND

FB TRIP VOLT
(220V) HEALTHY
EXCT NOT BLOCKED
FROM AVR PANEL

CC
500

FB ON COMMAND
FROM ATRS / GCD

GEN PROT.
CL-A or B Group-1
INVERTER
OPERATION

FB OFF COMMAND OR
GCB OPEN & SPEED <93%
GCB OPEN & FB OFF COMMAND FROM GCD / ATRS

OR

OR

EMERGENCY DE-EXCITE FROM AVR PANEL

OR
GEN PROT.
CL-A or B Group-2

INVERTER
OPERATION

FB ON/OFF
STATUS FOR
RAMP-UP &
RUN-BACK

TC

FIELD BREAKER & FIELD SUPRRESSION

FB CLOSING PERMISSIVE : TRIP VOLTAGE HEALTHY & EXCT. NOT BLOCKED FROM AVR PANEL
AUTO RAMP GEN MIN & SET POINT MIN.
MAN SET POINT MIN.
FB CLOSE COMMAND: From GCD

OR from ATRS

FB OFF COMMAND: From GCD when GCB in OFF condition (Generator Not Loaded)
GCB OFF & Speed <

Generator Protection Class-A & B

ACTION: FB will OPEN through Inverter Operation
Pulse Blocking Signal to Gate Control Unit
Run_Down of Ramp Function generator

UG GEN VOLT

FB
+VE
FROM
AVR
-VE

UF
FDR

6, 50A
1Sec,15KWS

TO MAIN
EXCITER
ROTOR

IF

t
DE-EXCITATION OF UNLOADED GEN BY INVERTER
BY INVERTER OPERATION OF THYRISTOR SET

EXCITATION BUILD UP & FIELD FORCING

Automatic Voltage Regulator initially calling for maximum excitation (as no feedback), the Thyristor set
supplies a higher voltage (upto ceiling level) to the Main Exciter compare to actual requirement under
Steady State condition until the actual current reaches the set point coming from Current Regulator.
Overdriving the voltage at the Field winding of Main Exciter reduce the Voltage Build Up time. This over
driving function referred to below as Field Forcing .
UG

Utmax
IF

Itmax

UF

IF

Response
with Fld
Forcing
Limitation

No-Load (GCB open)

UF

Response W/O
Overdriving
function

For Increasing Excitation

For Decreasing Excitation

For smaller change / Control , overdrive is achieved by proportional Current Regulator

The current & Voltage Limit i.e. (Maximum ) determined by Gate Control Unit

THYRISTOR & POWER CIRCUIT

AUTO CHANNEL

MAN CHANNEL

220V 400Hz 3Phase

R S T

R+ S+ T+

R- S- T-

ISOLATOR
SWITCH

220V 400Hz 3Phase

R- S- T-

R+ S+ T+

R S T

Pulse
Transf.
R-

CT

S-

R+
S+
T+

MCB
0.1..0.16A

CONDUCTION
MONITORING
UNIT

+
FIELD
CURRENT
>4A

OR
THY SET MAN FAULTY
150W
1K
MAIN EXCITER FIELD

THYRISTOR
AUTO
FAULTY

THYRISTOR POWER CONTROL

S+

R-T+

T+S-

S-R+

R+T-

S-

T-S+

S+R-

T-

R-T+

R-

T+S-

S-R+

= Firing
Angle w.r.t.
Natural
Commutation

S-

T+
SR+

TS+
RT+

S-

R+

T-

S+

R-

T+

S-

INVERTER
ZONE
<30

=60
=120

=90

RECTIFIER ZONE

ZERO VOLT

R-