WELCOME

Dr.Sivanthi Adithanar
College Of Education

NAME: P.MANISHA BA.,

PAVLOVAND
AND
PAVLOV
CONDITIONING
CONDITIONING

INTRODUCTION

Ivan perovich pavlov (1849-1936), was the

russian psychologist. He was interested in the
studies in the digestive process. In 1904, he has
received the Nobal Prize for the psychology of
digestion.

During the 1890s ivan pavlov was looking at

salivation in dogs in response to being fed when he
noticed that his dogs would begin to salivate
whenever he entered the room even he was not
bringing them food at first his was something of a
noisance.

PAVLOVIAN REACTION
Someone who reacts
instinctively
rather
than
reflectively to a situation is
said to be engaging in a
pavlovion reaction

PAVLOV AND CONDITION

Since animals salivate when food is placed in

their mouths.

Pavlov inserted tubes into the salivary glands of

dogs so that he could measure the amount of
saliva they produced when given meet powder.

Pavlov noticed that the dog salivated even

before the meat powder was in its mouth.

 The

mere sight of food makes its mouth

water. Infact sound of the experimenters
footsteps.

However,

what could not be easily

explained was that the dogs salivated at
the sound of the footsteps or even before
food appeared or the sound of a bell if it
was presented on a few occasions before
the food.

Sound of The Footsteps

In this experiment, kept a dog hungry for whole

night and then tied him on the experimental
table which was fitted with certain mechanical
controlled device.

The dog was made comfortable and distractions

were excluded as far as it was possible to do so.

The observer kept himself hidden from the view

of the dog but able to view the experiments by
means of the set of mirrors.

Arrangements were made to give food to the

dog through automatic devices.
Every time when the food was presented before
the dog and the bell was rung, ther was
automatic secretion of saliva from the mouth of
the dog.
The ringing of the bell was repeated several
times and the amount of saliva secreted was
measured by cubic meter which is attached to
bow of the dog.

BASIC ELEMENTS
1. Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS):
Its like meat powder which ordinarily
makes the animal react in a particular way.

2. Unconditioned Response (UCR):

The reaction of the salivating which
occurs whenever the unconditioned stimulus
is presented.

3. Conditioned Stimulus (CS):

The sound of the bell which was originally a neutral
stimulus and did not produce the salivary response in the
beginning but subsequently came to produce the response.
4. Conditioned Response (CR):

The sound of ringing may cause the dog to perk up

its ears on the first trial, but it will not make the dogs
mouth water.
A certain number of trials or simultaneous
presentations of the ringing sound and the food are
necessary to bring about the desired response.
Such a desired response or particular behaviour
that the dog learnt to produce in response to the
conditioned stimulus is called the conditioned response.

STAGES OF CLASSICAL
CONDITIONING
Stage 1 (Before Conditioning)
Food (UCS)
Bell (CS)

Salivation (UCR)
No response

Stage 2 (During Conditioning)

Bell (CS) + Food (UCS)

Salivation (CR)

Stage 3 (After Conditioning)

Bell (CS)

Salivation (CR)

PRINCIPLES OF CLASSICAL
CONDITIONING
LAW OF HIGHER ORDER CONDTIONING
The bell sound used formally can be used to
another neutral stimulus (say light). Pavlov
called this is higher order conditioning.
Pavlov found that conditioned response also
occurs to CS-2 after a few trials.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

U.S (Food)
C.S+U.S(Bell+Food)
C.S(Bell)
C.R(Saliva)
C.S-2=C.S.1(Light+Bell)
C.S.2(Light)

U.R(Saliva)
C.R(Saliva)
C.R(Saliva)
C.R(Saliva)
C.R(Saliva)

LAW OF CAUSATION:
A

Conditioned response is established by a

series of contiguous pairings of CS and UCS.
Best conditioning occurs when the CS and UCS
are presented simultaneously.

LAW OF EXTINCTION:
The

process of gradual disappearance of the

conditioned response or disconnection of the SR association.

LAW OF SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY:

After

extinction, when a conditioned response is

no longer evident.
The reappearance of apparently extinguished
conditioned response after an interval in which
the pairing of conditioned stimulus(CS) and
unconditioned stimulus(US) has not been
repeated is called spontaneous recovery.
As the time passes the suppression may
become so strong that there world ultimately
be no further possibility of SR.

LAW OF GENERALIZATION:
Suppose

classical
conditioning(CR) is
established to a bell sound the same
generalization is shown a buzzer sound also.
If conditioning was established using bell as the
CS the CR will occur even for a buzzer.
EXAMPLE:
o
For a child if fear response is obtained
for a policeman it may be obtained for anybody
in kahaki uniform.

LAW OF DISCRIMINATION:
It

is the opposite of stimulus generalization.

When the CR that follows the buzzer sound is
nor reinforced then the CR to the buzzer sound
gets weakened and becomes inactive.

THANK YOU