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Intro To Wood Materials: TED 126 Engineering Materials and Product Design
Intro To Wood Materials: TED 126 Engineering Materials and Product Design
Intro To Wood Materials: TED 126 Engineering Materials and Product Design
TED 126
ENGINEERING MATERIALS AND
PRODUCT DESIGN
Classification of Woods
A tree
Classification of Woods
The terms softwood and hardwood do not refer
to the hardness or density of the wood.
Softwoods are not always soft, nor are
hardwoods always hard.
Mountain-grown Douglas fir, for example,
produces an extremely hard wood although it
is classified as a "softwood," and balsawood,
so useful in making toy models, is classified a
"hardwood" although it is very soft.
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Classification of Woods
Hardwoods
Classification of Woods
Classification of Woods
Classification of Woods
Ancient Bristlecone Pine
Bristlecone pines (Pinus longaeva and
Pinus aristata) are one of the best sources
of tree ring data because they live so long.
As a result of the matching and overlapping
of tree rings from different trees and sites,
bristlecone pine chronologies exist that
extend back to 9000 years ago.
Classification of Woods
Identification
characteristic of woods:
Classification of Woods
Identification
characteristic of woods:
Classification of Woods
Identification
characteristic of woods:
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Classification of Woods
Identification
characteristic of woods:
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Classification of Woods
Identification
characteristic of woods:
Hardness
Classification of Woods
Identification
characteristic of woods:
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Classification of Woods
Identification
characteristic of woods:
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Classification of Woods
Identification
characteristic of woods:
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Wood Structure
Cellulose
Lignin
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Wood Structure
Minerals, starches, oils, tannins,
coloring agents fats and waxes.
(5%)
All plants have tube or straw
shaped channels ducts that run
the direction of the plant called
xylem. XYLEM, (pronounced
ZIE-lem) is a tissue in plant
stems and roots.
Xylem transports water and
minerals upwards from the roots
to the stem, via capillary action.
Xylem is strong and also
provides support to the plant.
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Wood Structure
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Wood Structure
Seasoning of lumber
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Wood Structure
Basic Methods of converting a log
Plain sawn wood is the type most typically seen
today. When the log is cut in to planks all the cuts
are parallel to each other.
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Wood Structure
Basic Methods of
converting a log
With Quarter sawn wood
the log is first quartered
(hence quarter sawn) and
then diagonally from the
center.
This results in a grain that is
more vertical when looking
at the plank end on.
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Wood Structure
Air Drying (AD)
To air dry, the lumber is arranged in layers, or
courses, with
separating stickers, and built up into unit
packages and piles
outdoors so that atmospheric air can circulate
through the
piles and carry away moisture
Reduces moisture to about 15 percent.
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Wood Structure
Force Drying
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Wood Structure
Kiln Drying (KD)
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Wood Structure
Radio Frequency (RF)
Growth of a Tree
A tree grows two times during the year.
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Growth of a Tree
Rings
the tree rings on the "Messiah" violin (photo
H.D. Grissino-Mayer).
The wood used by Antonio Stradivari and all
Cremonese violin makers for the violin top
was Norway spruce (Picea abies).
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Growth of a Tree
Rings
A cross section from an
eastern hemlock (Tsuga
canadensis) collected by
Rex Adams near Ashland,
Wisconsin (photo H.D.
Grissino-Mayer and R.K.
Adams).
The rings are extremely clear
on this specimen.
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Growth of a Tree
Rings
.identify
Heartwood
Sapwood
Cambium
Outer Bark
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Growth of a Tree
Rings
Thickness:
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Growth of a Tree
Rings
Shape:
Growth of a Tree
Things scientists study to learn about climate
in the past include:
Ice cores from the Antarctic and Greenland.
(They study bubbles of gas trapped in the ice.)
Pollen from the bottom of lakes.
Fossil records of insects.
Growth rings of trees.
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Growth of a Tree
Dendrochronology: the study of tree rings
Dendrochronology
means the measuring of time using trees
dendro = trees, and
chronology = system of measuring time.
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Growth of a Tree
Extending a chronology based on
living trees further back
in time through
crossdating.
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four-quarters
five-quarters
six-quarters
eight-quarters
4/4
5/4
6/4
8/4
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Wood Grades
Classified accordingly
to its quality.
The grade of lumber
refers to the
appearance,
strength and
lack of defects in the
wood stock.
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Wood Grades
Softwood
These
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Wood Grades
Select
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Wood Grades
Wood Grades
Hardwood Grades
F1F (FAS One Face) If a board face is graded to FAS but the
reverse face is not, the board drops in grade. If the reverse
face of a board can be graded as #1 Common, the entire
board is graded as F1F.
For example, if a board face grades to FAS but the reverse
face only yields 82% clear the entire board is graded to at
best F1F.
Wood Grades
Hardwood Grades
Select
A
The
The
Wood Grades
Hardwood Grades
#1 Common (Number 1 - 4)
A #1 Common board must be at least 3" wide and 4' long. 66 2/3% of
the board must be clear.
Wood Grades
Hardwood Grades
#2 Common #2 Common board must be at least 3" wide and
4' long, just like #1 Common.
The clear yield of a board can be as low as 50% after cuts equal to
half of the board measure. Surface area after each imaginary cut
must be at least 3" x 2'.
For example, a board 6" x 8 is 4 board measure and can be cut twice,
half of four. The resulting clear area of the board must be at least 3" x 2'
and at least 50% clear.
Wood Grades
Abbreviations
HDWD - hardwood
M - thousand
SAP - sapwood
SD - seasoned
S1E - surface one edge
S1S - surface one side
S1S2E -.
CLR - clear
BTR - better
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Wood Defects
Bark Pockets - a patch of bark partially or whole enclosed in the wood.
Peck - a channeled or pitted area or pocket
Decay - disintegration of wood fiber.
Shake - a crack between and parallel to the rings of annual growth rings.
Stain - a discoloration that penetrates the wood fibers.
Wormholes - caused by insects or beetles.
Knots - piece of sawed lumber which is either a portion of a branch or limb
of a tree.
Pitch - an accumulation of resinous materials.
Wane - the presence of bark or absence of wood on corners of a piece of
lumber.
Warp - is any variation from a true surface.
Bow - a curve along the face of a board that usually runs from end to end.
Twist - warping in lumber where the ends twist in opposite directions..
Cup - warping along face of a board from edge to edge.
Crook -warping along the edge from one end to the other.
THE END
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