GABA and Glycine: recap

Inhibitory neurotransmitters
Synthesis and packaging into vesicles.
Removal from synapse
Date-rape drug: gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) or
flunitrazepam (Rohypnol)
GABA receptors
Benzodiazepines (Valium, Xanax, Ativan)
Glycine

Excitatory actions of GABA

in the developing brain. Box 6D
OMIT all of BOX 6D

Figure 6.1 Examples of small-molecule and peptide neurotransmitters (Part 2)

Figure 6.8 Synthesis, release, and reuptake of the inhibitory neurotransmitters GABA and glycine
(Part 1)

GABA

Fig. 6.8 (A)

Figure 6.8 Synthesis, release, and reuptake of the inhibitory neurotransmitters GABA and glycine
(Part 2)

GLYCINE

Fig. 6.8 (B)

Figure 6.9 Ionotropic GABA receptors

Fig. 6.9

Figure 6.1 Examples of small-molecule and peptide neurotransmitters (Part 4)

Chapter 6

NEUROTRANSMITTERS AND THEIR RECEPTORS

CHAPTER 6
Part II
Biogenic amines and psychiatric
disorders.
Addiction
Purine neurotransmitters
Peptide neurotransmitters
Unconventional neurotransmitters
Marijuana and the brain

Figure 6.10 The biosynthetic pathway for the catecholamine neurotransmitters

Tyrosine

Precursor

DOPA

DOPAMINE
Neurotransmitters
Norepinephrine

Epinephrine

Fig. 6.10

Figure 6.11

The distribution of catecholamine neurotransmitters in the human brain

Parkinsons
Disease
affects
dopaminergic
neurons of the
substantia
nigra

Fig. 6.11

BOX 6F

ADDICTION

Drug Addiction aka substance dependence

compulsive drug use occurs despite the negative consequences
for the afflicted individual (NeuroScience text)
is a user's compulsive need to use drugs in order to function normally.
When such substances are unobtainable, the user suffers from withdrawal.
(Wikipedia)
physical and psychological dependence in which the individual continues the
drug-taking behavior despite maladaptive consequences
(American Psychiatric Association www.psych.org )

CocaineHeroin-

midbrain region of brainstem (ventral tegmental area)

same dopaminergic circuitry as cocaine (vta)

B0X 6E

BIOGENIC AMINE NEUROTRANSMITTERS AND PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS

Psychotropic drugs:
drugs that altar behavior, mood or perception
1.Anti-psychotics

ie. Reserpine (1950s), Haldol (haloperidol)

Risperdal (risperdal)

2.Anti-anxiety ie. MAO inhibitors, benzodiazepines

Librium (chlordiazepoxide) , Valium (diazepam)
XanaxTM (alprazolam) AtivanTM (lorazepam)

3. Anti-depressants ie.
a. MAO inhibitors (tranylcypromine, phenelzine)
b. tricyclic antidepressants (desipramine) or Elavil (amytripyline)
c. SSRIs Prozac (fluoxetine), Zoloft (sertraline)

4.Stimulants ie. Dexedrine or Adderall (d-amphetamine)

MDMA (Ecstasy/Molly), Methamphetamine

MDMA: aka Ecstacy

MDMA (contracted from 3,4methylenedioxymethamphetamine) is a

substituted amphetamine class
of drug that is consumed
primarily for its euphoric and
empathogenic effects.
Pharmacologically, MDMA acts
as a serotonin-norepinephrinedopamine releasing agent and
reuptake inhibitor.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDMA

COMBATING METHAMPHETAMINE USE

Figure 6.11 The distribution of DOPAMINE neurotransmitters in the human brain (Part 1)

Fig. 6.11 (A)

BOX 18A

PARKINSONS DISEASE

Idiopathic Disease
When was it first described and
by whom?
Typical age of onset
Is it inherited?
Symptoms
Cellular and molecular defect
Treatments/therapy

Figure 6.11 The distribution of NOREPINEPHRINE neurotransmitters in the human brain (Part 2)

Fig. 6.11 (B)

Figure 6.11 The distribution of EPINEPHRINE neurotransmitters in the human brain

Fig. 6.11 (C)

Figure 6.12

Metabotropic receptors for catecholamine neurotransmitters

Fig. 6.12

Figure 6.12 Metabotropic receptors for catecholamine neurotransmitters (Part 1)

Fig. 6.12 (A)

Figure 6.12 Metabotropic receptors for catecholamine neurotransmitters (Part 2)

Fig. 6.12 (B)

Figure 6.13 The distribution of histamine and serotonin neurotransmitters in the human brain

SEROTONIN

HISTAMINE

Fig. 6.13

Figure 6.14

Synthesis of histamine and serotonin

HISTAMINE

Fig. 6.14
SEROTONIN

Figure 6.1 Examples of small-molecule and peptide neurotransmitters (Part 3)

Figure 6.15

Purinergic Receptors

Fig. 6.15

Figure 6.15

Purinergic Receptors (Part 1)

ATP

Fig. 6.15 (A)

Figure 6.15

Purinergic Receptors (Part 2)

ADENOSINE

Fig. 6.15 (B)

Figure 6.1 Examples of small-molecule and peptide neurotransmitters (Part 5)

Example of an ENKEPHALIN

Figure 6.16

Fig. 6.16

Proteolytic processing of pre-propeptides

Figure 6.17

Amino acid sequences of neuropeptides

Substance P

hippocampus, neocortex, GI tract

Brain/Gut
Opioid

Pituitary

Hypothalamic
Misc

Fig. 6.17

Table 6.2

ENDOGENOUS OPIOIDS

Hydrocodone/Oxycodone narcotics that use opioid receptors

- Side effects, abuse, withdrawal

Figure 6.16 Proteolytic processing of pre-propeptides TO PRODUCE ENDORPHINS

Endorphin propeptide:

PRE-PRO-OPIO-MELANO-CORTIN

Endogenous Opioid Peptide

Fig. 6.16 (A)

Figure 6.16

Proteolytic processing of pre-propeptides FOR ENKEPHALINS

Fig. 6.16 (B)

Box 6G

Marijuana and the brain

CB1-receptor for THC

Box 6G

Figure 6.18

Endocannabinoid signals involved in synaptic transmission

= Agonist

= Antagonist

2-AG

Fig. 6.18

Figure 6.20

Synthesis, release, and termination of NO

Fig. 6.20