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Atoms, Electrons, Chemical Bonding, and Orbitals: Computer Modeling and Visualization in Chemistry
Atoms, Electrons, Chemical Bonding, and Orbitals: Computer Modeling and Visualization in Chemistry
Atoms, Electrons,
Chemical Bonding,
and Orbitals
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This presentation is for educational, non-profit purposes only.
Please do not post or distribute this presentation to anyone outside
of this course.
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Ionization Energy of Atoms
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Electronegativity
Ionization Energy (IE):
amount of energy
necessary to remove an
electron from a neutral
atom.
Electronegativity:
Average of above two
properties for an isolated
atom.
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Covalent Bonding
An electron density plot for the H2
molecule shows that the shared
electrons occupy a volume equally
distributed over BOTH H atoms.
molecule
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Polar Covalent Percent Ionic Character of Diatomic Molecules
The difference in electronegativity between the two bonded atoms determines the
ionic character (or covalent character) of the bond.
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What is an Atom?
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Photoelectric Effect
Photoelectric Effect: the ejection of electrons from the
surface of a substance by light; the energy of the electrons
depends upon the wavelength of light, not the intensity.
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Atomic Orbitals Wave-particle duality.
Traveling waves vs. Standing Waves.
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Atomic Orbitals: How do electrons move around the nucleus?
Wavefunctions:
Since electrons are particles that have wavelike properties, we cannot
expect them to behave like point-like objects moving along precise
trajectories.
Wavefunctions of s orbitals of
Boundary surface encloses surface with
higher energy have more
a > 90% probability of finding electron
complicated radial variation
with nodes.
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electron density
wave function
radial probability
distribution
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p orbitals:
3 p orbitals l = 1,
ml = +1, 0 -1
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d orbitals: Five d orbitals l = 2, ml = +2, +1, 0 - 1,
-2
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Atomic Orbital Hybridization: sp
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Atomic Orbital Hybridization: sp2
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Atomic Orbital Hybridization: sp3
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Covalent Bonding
- bond: e- density in the bond is distributed symmetrically about
the bond axis.
- bond: e- density in the molecular orbital has a nodal plane that
contains the bond axis.
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bond
H2
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bond H2
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bond
p-orbital
end-to-end
F2
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bond
mixed
HCl CH4
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Lone Electron Pairs
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- bond
-orbital bonding
side-to-side
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Double Bonds: Examples
Double bonds
consist of 1 and
1 bonds in these Allene
molecules.
Double Bond ==
Bond Order 2
Ethene
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Triple Bonds
Triple bonds
consist of 1 and
2 bonds.
Triple Bond ==
Bond Order 3
Ethyne (acetylene)
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Valence Bond Theory vs. Molecular Orbital Theory
For Polyatomic Molecules:
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Delocalization Resonance Structures
Benzene
OR
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Benzene
The six MOs of benzene
showing lobe phases
and relative energies.
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Visualization Surfaces
Electron Density Surface
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Exercise
Atoms.
Do a 1 electron atom such as H, or He+, then do multi-electron atom
Do quantum calculation.
Visualize orbitals.
What is the 1st IE of the molecule?
Pick a binary compound.
Verify with me if molecule makes sense.
Do quantum calculation.
Draw electron density surface
Draw electrostatic potential map.
Is molecule polar?
What is electronegativity difference between atoms?
Find bond length.
Bond order?
Visualize the orbitals. Which ones are bonding, anti-bonding?
Which are sigma, which are pi?
What is the 1st IE of the molecule?
Do same as above for a polyatomic molecule, such as benzene
Not too big, or well wait for ever for the calculation.
Verify with me if molecule makes sense.
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