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Outline Chapter 9 The Atom
Outline Chapter 9 The Atom
Electrons can
have only certain
discrete energies,
not energies in
between.
9-1. The Photoelectron Effect
The photoelectric effect is the emission of electrons
from a metal surface when light shines on it. The
discovery of the photoelectric effect could not be
explained by the electromagnetic theory of light. Albert
Einstein developed the quantum theory of light in
1905.
9-2. Photons
Albert Einstein
(1879-1955)
Einstein expanded Planck's
hypothesis by proposing that
light could travel through space
as quanta of energy called
photons. Einstein's equation for
the photoelectric effect is hf =
KE + w. Although photons have
no mass and travel with the
speed of light, they have most of
the other properties of particles.
The higher the frequency (or
shorter the wavelength) the
higher the energy.
9-3. What is light?
Wilhelm Roentgen
(1845-1923)
9-5. De Broglie Waves
1924 Nobel Prize in 1929 Louis de
Broglie(1892-1987)
refraction
Light with
multiple w
avelength
s
Wavelengths
separated
9-8. Atomic Spectra
An absorption spectrum
consists of the various
frequencies absorbed by
a substance when white
light is passed through it.
The frequencies in the
spectrum of an element
fall into sets called
spectral series. Seen
here is the spectral series
of hydrogen.
9-9. The Bohr Model
An electron can
circle a nucleus only
in orbits that contain
a whole number of
de Broglie
Wavelengths. The
quantum number n
of an orbit is the
number of electron
waves that fit into
the orbit.
9-10. Electron Waves and Orbits
Electrons seemed
to be locked into
these wave patterns
around the nucleus.
9-11. The Laser
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mcSYpZchFpI
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zf_eXDPElh0
30
9-11. The Laser
Holograms are made from laser light without
using an image forming device. The image
formed becomes 3D. Meet Mika..(Artoolkit)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Ot4xFhvYNw&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JvufPRbQsXA&feature=fvw
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oiqIPXnKkKo&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sPDUMRLcfdg&feature=related
9-12. Quantum Mechanics
Erwin Schrdinger
(1887-1961)
The theory of quantum mechanics was developed
by Erwin Schrdinger, Werner. According to quantum
mechanics, the position and momentum of a particle
cannot both be accurately known at the same time.
Only its most probable position or momentum can be
determined.
The most probable distance
between the proton and
electron for a hydrogen
atom turns out to be about
0.89, the same as Niels
Bohr.
9-13. Quantum Numbers
1. The principal quantum number n governs the
electron's energy and average distance from the
nucleus.
2. The orbital quantum number l determines the
magnitude of an atomic electron's angular
momentum.
3. The magnetic quantum number ml specifies the
direction of an atomic electron's angular momentum.
4. The spin magnetic quantum number ms of an
atomic electron has two possible values, +1/2 or -1/2,
depending on whether the electron aligns itself along
a magnetic field (+1/2) or opposite to the field (-1/2).
9-13. Quantum Numbers
3py
3d
2py
1s 2s 3s
2px 3px
2pz3pz
9-13. Quantum Numbers
Movie
Scanning Tunneling Microscope
Scanning Tunneling Microscope
Electron Clouds
Image Movie
9-14. The Exclusion Principle
Magnetic
resonance imaging
(MRI) is a method
of mapping tissue
density based on
proton spin that
shows the nature of
soft tissue better
than x-rays.