(climate)

(organisms)


(relief)

 (parent
material)














 (time)














http://www.slideshare.net/udenisarathchandra/soil-and-soil-nutrient-management-in-ofc-production


( )
()

 Soil texture

Every soil type is a mixture of sand, silt, clay, and organic matter.
Gravel: larger than 2mm; feels coarse
Sand: 2 - 0.05mm; feels gritty
Silt: 0.05 - 0.002mm; feels like flour
Clay: smaller than 0.002; feels sticky when wet


(N2)


http://www.slideshare.net/website22556/ss-21762683










Nitrogen cycle,
Carbon cycle
 Nitrogen cycl

http://www.fao.org/soils-portal/soil-survey/soil-properties/biological-properties/en/
 This concerns soil properties related to the microbial and faunal
activity in soil. These organisms include earthworms, nematodes,
protozoa, fungi, bacteria and different arthropods. Soil biology
plays a vital role in determining many soil characteristics.
Mineralizationis defined as impregnation with ammonia or a
compound of ammonia. It is the process in which pure forms of
nitrogen are converted to ammonium by decomposers or bacteria.
When a plant or animal dies, or an animal expels waste, the initial
form of nitrogen is organic. Bacteria, or fungi in some cases,
convert the organic nitrogen within the remains back into
ammonium (NH4+), a process called ammonification o
r mineralization.
Nitrificationwhere bacteria are able to transform nitrogen in the
form of ammonium, which is produced by the decomposition of
proteins, into nitrates, which are available to growing plants.
Nitrogen fixationis carried out by free-living nitrogen-fixing bacteria
in the soil or water such as Azotobacter, or by those that live in
close symbiosis with leguminous plants, such as rhizobia. These
bacteria form colonies in nodules they create on the roots of peas,
beans, and related species. These are able to convert nitrogen
 Carbon cycle

http://www.fao.org/soils-portal/soil-survey/soil-properties/biological-properties/en/
 Thecarbon cycle diagramshows the process by which the
element carbon is exchanged between the biosphere,
pedosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere of
Earth. This is the mostimportant process on the planet
because it allows Earth to recycle and reuse its most
abundant element. The annual movements of carbon, the
carbon exchanges between reservoirs, occur because of
various chemical, physical, geological, and biological
processes in the soil.
The microbes living within the soil recycle nutrients such
as carbon and nitrogen through the soil system. Much of
the organic material added to the litter (the accumulated
material at the surface of the soil) or within the root zone
each year is almost completely consumed by
microbes.Consequently, there is a reservoir of carbon with
a very fast turnover time of about1 to 3 years in many
 Humusis less palatable for microbes and is therefore
not decomposed very quickly. After it is produced at
shallow levels within the soil, part of it may move
downward as a clay-humus complex. In the lower parts
of the soil it tends to be less oxygen availability and this
lack of oxygen makes it even more difficult for microbes
to work on this humus and decompose it further.
Eventually, due to various processes that stir the soil,
this humus moves back up to where there is more
oxygen and then the microbes will eventually destroy
the humus and release some moreCO2. This humus
then constitutes another, longer-lived reservoir of
carbon in the soil with ages of several hundred to a
thousand years old. Taken together, the fast
decomposition and the slower decomposition of humus,
both driven by microbial processes, lead to an average


pH
Salinity (EC)
Cation exchange capacity (CEC)
Organic matter
C:N ratio (Carbon to Nitrogen)

http://soils.tfrec.wsu.edu/mg/chemical.htm

(pH)

A measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a soil.

Logarithmic scale which means that a 1-unit
drop in pH is a 10-fold increase in acidity.
http://www.commodities.caes.uga.edu/turfgrass/georgiaturf/SoilTesting/pH.html
Affects availability of plant nutrients (in general,
optimal pH is between 5.5-7.5)

http://soils.tfrec.wsu.edu/mg/chemical.htm


Ca2+, Mg2+,
K +, NH4 +, Zn2+, Cu2+, and Mn2+.
(Cation
exchange capacity, CEC)
cations
CEC (OM)
OM CEC







 CEC

http://hortsoildr.weebly.com/soil-cec.html


3
1.(
2.00-0.05 ..)
2. (
0.05-0.002 ..)
3. (
< 0.002 .)




Nutrient Exchange between Soil and
Water


Visual Evaluation
Soil Samples
Soil pH
Lime Requirement
Organic Carbon

(/ )

1. - (pH) 150

2. (Organic matter) 150/300*

3. (Texture: sand,silt,clay) 200

4. 200

5. (Total Fe oxides) 800

6. (Total Mn 800
oxides)

7. ( )






.. .. .. ..
.. ..








 (Acid soil)

2 FeS2+ 9 O2+ 4 H2O

8 H++ 4 SO42+ 2
Fe(OH)3(solid)

pyrite (FeS2)

pyrite Sulfuric


pH
5.5-7.5
(pH 6.0) Al


activity






Iron staining is often a good indicator of disturbed acid sulfate soils. When acid
sulfate soils are disturbed and undergo oxidisation, the sulfuric acid produced
mobilises iron, aluminium and heavy metals present in the soil. Toxic amounts of
dissolved iron can then be washed into waterways. This iron can precipitate
when in contact with less acid water, such as rainwater or seawater. This results
in a rust-coloured iron oxide scum or floc' which can smother vegetation and
stain concrete and soil.


(Bog)



40 .








100 .











85 50
















Pond soil treatment
Liming
Drying
Tilling Fertilization
Bottom Raking
Sediment
Disinfection
Removal
Probiotics