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Introduction To Signals and Systems: Engr. Faraz Humayun
Introduction To Signals and Systems: Engr. Faraz Humayun
Introduction To Signals and Systems: Engr. Faraz Humayun
Systems
Engr.FarazHumayun
SignalsandSystemsDefined
Asignalisanyphysicalphenomenonwhich
conveysinformation
Systemsrespondtosignalsandproducenew
signals
Excitationsignalsareappliedatsystem
inputsandresponsesignalsareproducedat
systemoutputs
Engr.FarazHumayun
ACommunicationSystemasa
SystemExample
Acommunicationsystemhasaninformation
signalplusnoisesignals
Thisisanexampleofasystemthatconsists
ofaninterconnectionofsmallersystems
Engr.FarazHumayun
SignalTypes
Engr.FarazHumayun
ConversionsBetweenSignalTypes
Sampling
Quantizing
Encoding
Engr.FarazHumayun
MessageEncodedinASCII
Engr.FarazHumayun
NoisyMessageEncodedinASCII
Progressively
noisier
signals
Engr.FarazHumayun
BitRecoveryinaDigitalSignal
UsingFiltering
Engr.FarazHumayun
ImageFilteringtoAidPerception
OriginalXRayImage FilteredXRayImage
Engr.FarazHumayun
DiscreteTimeSystems
Inadiscretetimesystemeventsoccuratpointsintimebutnot
betweenthosepoints.Themostimportantexampleisadigital
computer.Significanteventsoccurattheendofeachclock
cycleandnothingofsignificance(tothecomputeruser)happens
betweenthosepointsintime.
Discretetimesystemscanbedescribedbydifference(not
differential)equations.Letadiscretetimesystemgeneratean
excitationsignaly[n]wherenisthenumberofdiscretetime
intervalsthathaveelapsedsincesomebeginningtimen=0.
Then,forexampleasimplediscretetimesystemmightbe
describedby
y n 1.97 y n 1 y n 2
Engr.FarazHumayun
DiscreteTimeSystems
Theequation
y n 1.97 y n 1 y n 2
saysinwords
Thesignalvalueatanytimenis1.97timesthesignalvalueatthe
previoustime[n1]minusthesignalvalueatthetimebeforethat
[n2].
Ifweknowthesignalvalueatanytwotimes,wecancomputeits
valueatallother(discrete)times.Thisisquitesimilartoa
secondorderdifferentialequationforwhichknowledgeoftwo
independentinitialconditionsallowsustofindthesolutionforall
timeandthesolutionmethodsareverysimilar.
Engr.FarazHumayun
DiscreteTimeSystems
y n 1.97 y n 1 y n 2
Wecouldsolvethisequationbyiterationusingacomputer.
yn = 1 ; yn1 = 0 ; InitialConditions
while 1,
yn2 = yn1 ; yn1 = yn ; yn = 1.97*yn1 - yn2 ;
end
Wecouldalsodescribethesystem
withablockdiagram.
(Dmeansdelayoneunitindiscrete
time.)
Engr.FarazHumayun
DiscreteTimeSystems
y n 1.97 y n 1 y n 2
Withtheinitialconditionsy[1]=1andy[0]=0theresponse
is
Engr.FarazHumayun
FeedbackSystems
Inafeedbacksystemtheresponseofthesystemisfedback
andcombinedwiththeexcitationissuchawayastooptimize
theresponseinsomedesiredsense.Examplesoffeedback
systemsare
1. Temperaturecontrolinahouseusingathermostat
2. Waterlevelcontrolinthetankofaflushtoilet.
3. Pouringaglassoflemonadetothetopoftheglasswithout
overflowing.
4. Arefrigeratoricemakerthatkeepsthebinfullofice
butdoesnotmakeextraice.
5. Drivingacar.
Feedbacksystemscanbecontinuoustimeordiscretetime
oramixtureofthetwo.
Engr.FarazHumayun
FeedbackSystems
Belowisanexampleofadiscretetimefeedbacksystem.The
responsey[n]isfedbackthroughtwodelaysandgainsbandc
andcombinedwiththeexcitationx[n].Differentvaluesofa,
bandccancreatedramaticallydifferentresponsestothesame
excitation.
Engr.FarazHumayun
FeedbackSystems
Responsestoanexcitationthatchangesfrom0to1atn=0.
Engr.FarazHumayun
SoundRecordingSystem
Engr.FarazHumayun
RecordedSoundasaSignalExample
signal
Engr.FarazHumayun