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Design of Shallow Foundations
Design of Shallow Foundations
Design of Shallow
Foundations
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This chapter deals with the economical and
safe design of the common types of shallow
foundations.
The main foundation types that are
considered here are:
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Proportioning of shallow foundations
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In applying the bearing capacity equations one should
differentiate two states of loading, namely,
the initial or instantaneous loading condition and
b
b a= a - 2ea
b= b - 2eb
a
a . ea A= ab
eb
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For initial loading conditions, where u = 0, the
failure surface of the soil consist of straight lines
and an arc of a circle.
f = 5.1CuSc dc ic+ q Sq dq iq
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Structural Considerations.
Before going into the structural design, one
should check if the settlement of the selected
foundation is within the prescribed safe limits.
The last stage in the design of foundations is
the structural design.
One should check the adequacy of the
thickness of the footing and provide the
necessary reinforcement to withstand
punching shear,
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Design of Isolated or Spread Footings
Depth of footing
This depth is measured from the lowest adjacent
ground surface to the bottom of the footing.
Footings should be carried below
zone of high volume change due to moisture
fluctuation
top (organic) soil
According to EBCS-7
minimum depth of footing should be 50cm
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Structural Design
Punching shear:-
This factor generally controls the depth of
footings.
occurs when an area is subject to a
concentrated state of stress relative to its
immediate surroundings.
failure can occur either by pure punching or
by bending induced punching where, the
initial tension cracks will grow tangentially to
form the punching surface.
The cracked profile of the punched area
indicates the mode of failure. 11
It is the normal practice to provide adequate
depth to sustain the shear stress developed
without reinforcement.
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For rectangular footing
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d (4V p ) d (2V p )( a 'b' ) A footing Acolumn
d 2 (4V p ) d (2V p )( 2a ' ) A footing Acolumn
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Diagonal Tension (wide beam shear)
The selected depth using the punching
V
v C-C= C C v D-D = VD D
ad bd
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Bending Moment
The critical sections for the bending moment vary
according to the type of columns.
According to EBCS 2-1995, the critical section for moment
shall be taken as follows:
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Flexural Reinforcement
Distribution:
In square footings, reinforcement shall be distributed
uniformly across the entire width of footing.
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total re inf orcement in the short direction
1 a
b 21
shall be distributed uniformly over a band width ( centered
on center line of column or pedestal) equal to the length of
the short side of footing
b
a
(b-a)/2 (b-a)/2
f yd
ld
4 f bd
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Concrete cover to reinforcement (According to EBCS2-
1995)
Concrete cast directly against the earth, the minimum
Spacing of reinforcement
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