Chapter 4

Matter and Substances

4.1 Changes In Matter
Kinetic Theory of Matter
The theory states that:
Matter is made up of tiny and discrete
particles
The particles are always moving in
random motion
The moving energy is called the
kinetic energy of particles
The kinetic energy of particles
depends on the temperature of matter
States of Matter
Changes in state of
matter

Sublimation

Sublimation
4.2 Structure of atom
1. Every substances is made up of
atoms.
2. There are three types of subatomic
particles: proton, electron and
neutron.

(e, negatively charged)

(p, positively charged)
(n, neutral/ no charged)
4.3 Proton number and Nucleon number
Proton number is the number of proton
in an atom.
Nucleon number is the total number of
protons and neutrons in an atom.
The number of nucleon = neutrons
number + proton number

Symbol of element.
For example, Aluminium (Al)
Proton number
13
(always smaller number) Name of element
Nucleon number 27
Al
 How to determine the charges of
particles
Particles Number Number
of of
protons electrons
A 6 8
B 10 9
C 11 11

a) Positively charged particles: B ( more proton number)

b) Negatively charged particles: A (more electron numbe
c) Particle that has no charge (neutral): C (proton = elect
 Isotopes
Isotopes of certain elements contains
the same number of protons but a
different number of neutrons in their
atoms.
For example, hydrogen
4.4 Periodic table

Elements are arranged according to their proton number (increases)

Divided into metals, non-metals and semimetals
Elements in the same group have same chemical properties
Importance of periodic
table
Helps us to determine the
properties of elements.
Can be used to forecast the
properties and uses of particular
element.
 4.5 Properties of
ATOMS
Substances
MOLECULES IONS

Substances made Substance made up Substance made up

up of atoms only. of molecules only of ions only.
The smallest (two or more Contain charged
particle. atoms). particle

In solid (except In solid, liquid or gas In solid

mercury) Cannot conduct Cannot conduct
Conduct electricity electricity electricity except in
High boiling/melting Low boiling/melting molten or aqueous
point point states
ALUMINIUM High boiling/melting
point
Oxygen gas

Water
Aluminiu
Sodium chloride (NaCl)
m
 Physical properties of substance made
up of atoms, molecules and ions
Section A: Melting Substanc Type of Melting
es substanc point
point. e
Lead ATOM High
Sulphur MOLECULE Low
Lead/sulphur/
Lead (II) ION High
Lead(II)bromide
Bromide

High melting point = strong forces of

attraction
Low melting point = weak forces of
attraction
Section B: Electrical conductivity

SUBSTANCE ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY

SOLID MOLTEN
LEAD Can Can
SULPHUR Cannot Cannot
LEAD(II)BROMI Cannot Can
DE

For ionic substance, lead(II)bromide:

Does not conduct electricity in solid becau
- ions cannot move freely
Conducts electricity in molten because
- ions can move freely
4.6 Properties of Metals and Non-
Metals
A) Surface condition

Metals: copper Dull

Shiny surface Non-metals: carbon

B) Malleability

Non-metal: Brittle
the lump of carbon shatter

Metal :Malleable
iron wire changes shape
 C) Tensile
strength

Nichrome (metal)
needed
more weights to
break
Nichrome/
nylon
Nylon (non-
metal) needed
less weight to
break

Metals have higher tensile strength than non-metals

D) Electrical conductivity

* Metals: the * Non-metals:

bulb lights up the bulb does
with copper rod not lights up
* METALS with glass rod
conduct * NON-METALS
electricity do not conduct
electricity
 E) Heat
conductivity
Type of Exampl Time
materia e taken for
ls the
thumbtac
k to drop
off/secon
ds
METALS Copper 96
rod
NON- Glass 130
METALS rod

Metals: copper rod are good heat conductors

Non-metals: glass rod are poor heat conductors
4.6 Properties of Metals and Non-
Metals
Comparison between metals and non-
metals
METALS Physical properties NON-METALS
Shiny Surface Dull
Ductile Ductility Non-ductile/
brittle
Malleable Malleability Non-malleable
High Melting and Boiling Low
point
Good Electrical Non-conductive
conductivity except carbon
Good Heat conductivity Poor
High Tensile strenght Low
Uses of metals
Iron is
used in
making
cars

Copper is
used to make
wires

Silver is Aluminium is
often used used to make
to make power lines
jewellery
 Uses of non-metals
Sulphur is
used to
make
matchstic
k tips

Diamonds
are mostly
used to Sulphur is
make ingredient in
jewellery making paint
 4.7 Purification of
Substances
1. Pure substances are substances that
contain only one type of substance.
- do not have any impurities
- for example,
* pure sugar only contains sugar molecules
* pure water only contains water
molecules
2. Pure substances have fixed boiling and
melting point.
- for example,
* pure water boils at 100C
Effect of impurities on the boiling
point of a pure liquid
The presence of impurities in a
pure substance can
a) increase its boiling point
b) decrease its freezing point
For example,
- when a salt is added to pure
water, water will be boil at a
temperature higher than 100C
Title: Effect of impurities on the boiling
point of a pure liquid (PEKA)
Aim: To study the effect of impurities on the
boiling point.
Hypothesis: The presence of salt increases the
boiling point of a pure liquid
Variables:
manipulated variable :
responding variable :
constant variable :
Materials: distilled water, table salt
Apparatus: 100cmbeaker, wire gauze, tripod
stand, Bunsen burner, thermomater
 Procedure: 1. Distilled water was filled
into a
Salt beaker until it is half full.
2. The water was heated
until its
boils. The temperature
was
Distilled recorded.
water 3. Two spatulas of table salt
were
added into the distilled
water
and the mixture was
heated
again.
4. The boiling point of the
mixture
Results :The presence of Boiling point of
table salt distilled water
(C)
Absent 100
Present

Analysis:

Conclusion:
 Methods of purification
Purification is a process of removing impurities
from a substance.
The methods are:
a) Filtration: process of separating solid from
liquid

Mixture of solid
and liquid

Filter paper

Residue (solid)

Filtrate (liquid)
b) Crystallisation : process of forming crystals from
a liquid or gas
- production of salt from sea water
- production of pure solid copper(II)sulphate from
its solution

Substance in crystal form

 c) Distillation: a process to obtain a pure liquid from a
solution of liquid mixture.
- production of distilled water
- petroleum fractions (fractional distillation)
Tap water flows to cool the vapour and
condense it into liquid

To make sure the

condenser
is fully filled with water

Porcelin chips:
To break up the
air bubbles
Fractional distillation
 4.8 Uses of various
substances
Humans need various types of substances in
daily life.
With scientific knowledge and technology,
humans have used the properties of
substances to make their lives better.
For example, pure metals which may not be
suitable for a particular purpose because
they are too heavy or rust easily.
- they can be processed into more suitable
substances.
- pure iron steel (strong and does not rust)
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