DETECTING POWER GRID SYNCHRONISATION FAILURE

ON SENSING BAD VOLTAGE OR FREQUENCY

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BY
MOHAMMED MUNEEB(16031373-4014)
ABDUL WAHED(16031373-4026)
MOHAMMED SHADAB PARVEZ AHMED
(16031373-4035)

PROJECT GUIDE:- PREETI KABRA

 INDEX

CONTENT
BLOCK DIAGRAM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
INTRODUCTION TRANSFORMER
OPERATION
RECTIFIER
CONCEPT OF ISLANDING REGULATOR ADVANTAGES
OVER VIEW FILTER
DISADVANTAGES
8051 MICRO CONTROLLER
HARDWARE REQUIRED APPLICATIONS
LCD
555 TIMER CONCLUSION
OP-AMP
RELAY
INTRODUCTION
Synchronization means the minimization of difference in voltage,frequency & phase angle
between the corresponding phases of the generator output and grid supply

Synchronization must occur before connecting the generator to a grid

Synchronization can be achieved manually or automatically the purpose of synchronization

is to monitor,access,enable & automatically take the control action to prevent the
abnormalities of voltage and frequency
SYNCHRONIZATION LIMITS:-

The limits allowing for synchronization are;

Phase angle- +/- 20 degrees

Maximum voltage difference- 7%

Maximum slip frequency- 44%

ISLANDING
Islanding is a critical and unsafe condition in which a distributed generator, such as a solar
system, continues to supply power to the grid while the electric utility is down.

This condition is caused due to an excessive use of distributed generators in the electrical grid.
Solar power generators, wind generators, gas turbines and micro generators such as fuel cells,
micro turbines, etc. are all examples of distributed generators.

To avoid this problem, it is recommended that all distributed generators shall be equipped
which devices to prevent islanding.

The act of preventing islanding from happening is also called anti-islanding.

 ISLANDING

REMOTE LOCAL

ACTIVE PASSIVE
WAYS TO DETECTS AND RESOLVE ISLANDING

ACTIVE ISLANDING DETECTION:

Active detection methods involve the technique of constantly sending a signal back and
forth between the distributed generator and the grid to ensure the status of electrical supply.
In active methods, small disturbances are injected into the power system and its responses
due to the injected disturbances are monitored.

PASSIVE ISLANDING DETECTION:

Passive detection methods, on the other hand, make use of transients in the electricity
(such as voltage, current, frequency, etc.) for detection. Passive methods continuously
monitor the system parameters such as voltage,frequency, harmonic distortion, etc. Based
on the system characteristics, one or more of these parameters may vary greatly
when the system is islanded.
HARDWARE REQUIRED

POWER SUPPLY
MICRO CONTROLLER(8051)
LCD
555 TIMER
LM358
LM339
BLOCK DIAGRAM
 TRANSFORMER
Atransformeris an electrical device that transfers electrical energy between two or more
circuits throughelectromagnetic induction. Electromagnetic induction produces anelectromotive
force within a conductor which is exposed to time varyingmagnetic fields.We are considering
A 230/12v transformer

Voltage regulator

VOLTAGE REGULATOR
The LM78XX/LM78XXA series of three terminal +ve to 220/D-PAK package and with several fixed O/P
voltages making them useful in a applications each type employes internal current limiting thermal
shutdown and safe operating area
 RECTIFIER
Arectifieris an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC), which
periodically reverses direction, to direct current (DC), which flows in only one direction.
The process is known as rectification.

ASDFASDF

FILTER

Afilteris a device or process that removes some unwanted components or features from
asignal.Filtering is a class of signal processing, the defining feature of filters being the complete or
partial suppression of some aspect of the signal. Most often, this means removing some
frequencisand not others in order to suppress interfering signals and reduce background noise.
 MICROCONTROLLER(8051)
The 8051 is the low power high performance cmos 8-bit microcontroller with 8 kb in
system programmable flash memory.The device is manufractured using atmals high density
non volatialMemory tech. And is compatable with industrial standards .By combinaing a
versatile 8-bit cpu with in system programmable
 LIQUIFID CRYSTAL DISPLAY
Liquid-crystal-display televisions (LCDTV) are television sets that use liquid-crystal
displays to produce images.LCDtelevisions are thinner and lighter than cathode ray
tube (CRTs) of similar display size, and are available in much larger sizes.

555 TIMER
The555 timer ICis anintegrated circuit(chip) used in a variety oftimer, pulse generation,
andoscillator applications. The 555 can be used to provide time delays, as anoscillator, and as
aflip-flop element. Derivatives provide up to four timing circuits in one package.
 OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER
Anoperational amplifier(oftenop-amporopamp) is a DC-coupled high-gain
electronic voltageamplifierwith a differential input and, usually, a single-ended output.

RELAY
Arelayis anelectricallyoperated switch. Many relays use anelectromagnetto mechanically
operate a switch, but other operating principles are also used, such assolid-state relay. Relays are
used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a separate low-power signal, or where several
circuits must be controlled by one signal.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
 VOLTAGE SENSING PART:-
The microcontroller is connected to the zero voltage sensing circuit to ensure the frequency of
the supply is at normal frequency of50Hz.

The Voltage Regulator is adjusted so as to get the input AC voltage more than the normal
value. Now the normally high pin of the OPAMP IC will go low, giving an interruption pulse to
the pin of the microcontroller.

The microcontroller accordingly sends a high logic pulse to switch off the relay driver, which in
turn de-energizes the relay driver making the lamp to turn off .

Similarly when the Variable Regulator is adjusted so as to get input AC voltage less than the
normal value, at some point, the normally low pin of the OPAMP IC goes high and the
microcontroller on receiving this interruption, sends a high logic signal to the relay driver to
switch off the relay and hence the lamp which stops glowing.
 FREQUENCY SENSING PART:-
The Voltage Regulator is adjusted such that the AC input voltage is at its normal value.

The microcontroller pin is connected to the output of the 555 timer through a PNP transistor.

The timer works in a stable mode to produce signals at frequencies which can be adjusted
using the variable frequency.

This output is connected to the internal timer of the microcontroller which accordingly
calculates the frequency of the frequency, the relay driver is triggered, which in turn
energizes the relay and the AC supply is given tothe lamp which turns off once the frequency
of the pulses goes beyond the normal frequency or less than the normal.
WORKING:-
Islanding of grid is connected to inverter which is basically managing two parameters voltage

and frequency

In the program it is so written that the output from 555 timer which is fed to the MC (8051)

goes to be low 48HZ or above 52HZ. Corresponding outputs of MC will go high which will

result in switching ON or OFF a load to indicate that islanding has taken place

As per the voltage is concerned we have taken two comparators.Both the comparators are

given to i.e, one for inverting input and other for non-inverting input which are given at a

particular voltage
 ADVANTAGES
The main advantage of this project is, it secures the power of the grid i,e., power plant should
supply power to the grid rather than drawing power from the grid.

DISADVANTAGES
The disadvantage of this project is it is available is single phase supply where the power grid is
of three phase supply.

APPLICATIONS
The project is applicable for solar power plant where frequency varies,frequency and
voltage parameters should match with the power grid
 CONCLUSION:

This project is designed to develop a system to detect the synchronization failure of any external
supply source to the power grid on sensing the abnormalities it is in frequency and voltage

This type of indicators are much needed in most crowded EHV substations where number of
voltage levels, number of sources, number of power transformers and number of load lines are
existing.
THANK YOU