THERMO-II

ME 332

Course Instructor: Dr Muhammad Bilal Sajid (mbilalsajid@giki.edu.pk)

Course TAs: Engr. Yawar Hayat
Engr. M. Sohail Gohar

Lecture 1
 Instructors Profile
Education
PhD (Mechanical Engineering): KAUST 2015
MSc (Mechanical Engineering): UET Taxila 2006
BSc Hons (Mechanical Engineering): UET Lahore 2004

Work Experience:
Lab Engineer / TA: GIKI 2004-2005
Manager (Tech): MTC(NESCOM) 2006-2011
Assistant Professor: GIKI (Joined Aug2015)
 Scheme of Presentation
1. Textbook and Reference Books
2. Course Outline
3. Grading & Attendance Policies
4. Revision of Thermo-I
 Books
Textbook
Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach (5 th edition)
Authors: Cengel & Boles
Publisher: McGraw Hill
Reference Book
Principles of Engineering Thermodynamics, 5th Edition
Authors: Moran, Shapiro, Bettner & Bailey
Publisher: Wiley
Availability of Books
Low priced printed edition of textbook available
Textbook & reference book available in library
E-books (5th edition) will be provided for both textbook & reference
book
 Why Selected this Textbook ?
Use very easy to understand language
Addresses common misconceptions
Adopts intuitive approach
Encourages physical understanding
Minimal use of complicated mathematical expressions

Conceptual questions related to each topic of the chapter

Variety of solved and unsolved numerical problems
 Course Outline
Advanced concept ~ similar to
Exergy Analysis (CH # 8)
Entropy

Gas Power Cycles (CH # 9)

Practical
Vapor & Combined Power Cycle (CH # 10) Applications
Refrigeration Cycle (CH # 11) of Basic Concepts

Thermodynamics Property Relations (CH # 12) Some Math

Practical
Gas Mixtures & Air Conditioning (CH # 13 & 14) Applications
of Basic Concepts
Chemical Reactions (CH # 15)
Chemical & Phase Equilibrium (CH # 16) Physical Chemistry
 Grading Policy
Quizzes: 15 %
Assignments: 15 %
Mid-Term Exam: 30 %
Final Exam: 40 %
 Attendance Policy
GIKI Policy: Minimum 80 % attendance required to sit in
final exam
 Quizzes & Assignment Sessions
Total 8 Quizzes & 7 Assignment Sessions
Best 6 Quizzes & 5 Assignment Sessions will be considered
for grading
No surprise quiz
Both quiz & assignment session will be conducted in one
sitting (simultaneously for sections A & B)
2 quizzes / assignments not considered for grading include
With minimum marks
Deliberately missed
Due to co-curricular & extra-curricular activities
Quizzes / assignments missed due to any personal reason
No retake / make-up for missed quizzes / assignments
 Motivation: Thermo-II
Advanced course in thermodynamics
Builds foundation for elective courses and fields of
engineering e.g.
1. Power Plants
2. Refrigeration & Air Conditioning
3. Combustion
4. IC Engines
 Quiz # 1
Based on review of important concepts of Thermo-I
Will be held next week (time & date to be confirmed)

Tips for quiz preparation

Revise the material covered in Lectures 1-3
Review the conceptual questions in book
Go through the textbook chapters, at-least read the chapter
summaries
 Thermo-I (Revision)
Lecture # 1:
Fundamental Concepts: System, Properties, Units
Ideal Gas Equation
Lecture # 2:
P-v-T relationships
Specific Heat, Energy, Enthalpy
Energy Transfer by Heat, Work and Mass
Lecture # 3:
Second Law of Thermodynamics
Entropy
 What is Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics:
Greek Origin of term: Therme ~ heat + dynamis ~ power
Deals with energy and energy transformation, including power
generation, refrigeration and relationships among properties of matter.
This field is both science and engineering

Science vs. Engineering

Science: interest in gaining fundamental understanding of physical and
chemical behavior of fixed quantities of matter
Engineering: studying systems and how the interact with their
surrounding with aim of benefitting the humankind

Scientist vs. Engineer vs. Technologist ??

 Microscopic vs. Macroscopic View
Properties and behavior of molecules

Classical Thermodynamics

Statistical Thermodynamics
 Laws of Thermodynamics
First law of thermodynamics energy conservation
Second law of thermodynamics quantity vs. quality of energy

Zeroth law of thermodynamics ???

Third law of thermodynamics ???
Fourth law of thermodynamics ???
 Thermodynamic Systems
System: Quantity of matter or a region in space chosen for
study

Surroundings: The mass or region outside the system

Boundary: The real or imaginary surface that separates the

system from its surroundings
Thermodynamic Systems
Open System (Control Volume): Both mass
and energy (heat and work) can cross the
boundaries of the system

Close System (Control Mass): No mass can

control the boundaries of the system but
energy (heat and work) can cross the
boundary

Isolated System: Neither mass nor energy

(heat and work) can cross the boundary of
the system

Examples: ???
 Properties of System
Property: Any characteristic of a system
Examples: temperature, volume, mass, pressure,
density etc.

Intensive Properties: independent of the size of the

system
Temperature, pressure, density
Extensive Properties: dependents on the size of the
system
Mass, volume, total energy
Specific Properties: extensive properties per unit
mass
v=V/m e=E/m

Symbols ????
 Thermodynamic State
State of the system is described by its properties
Not all the properties are required to specify the state

State Postulate: The state of a simple compressible system

is completely specified by two independent, intensive
properties

Two properties are independent if one property can be

varied while the other is held constant
Temperature and specific volume are always independent properties
Temperature and pressure are independent for single-phase system
 Equilibrium
Thermodynamics deals with equilibrium states

Thermal Equilibrium
Mechanical Equilibrium
Phase Equilibrium
Chemical Equilibrium
 Processes and Cycles
Process: Any change that a system
undergoes from one equilibrium state to
another.
Path: The series of the states through
which a system passes during a process.

Quasi-static or quasi-equilibrium process

Process Diagrams

Cycle: If the system returns to its initial

state ate the end of the process
 The Steady Flow Process
Steady vs. Uniform

Steady no change with time

Uniform no change with location over a specified region

Steady Flow Process: a process during which a fluid flows

through a control volume steadily
Steady Flow devices:
Turbines
Pumps
Compressors
Boilers
Heat Exchangers
 Forms of Energy
Total Energy = thermal + mechanical + kinetic + potential
+ electric + magnetic + chemical + nuclear

Thermodynamics deals with change in total energy, not

with absolute value of total energy

Total energy of a system can be assigned a value of zero

at some convenient reference point
 Forms of Energy (contd.)
Macroscopic forms of energy: possessed by
system as a whole with respect to some outside
reference frame, such as kinetic and potential
energies
Examples: Kinetic & Potential energies
Microscopic forms of energy:
related to the molecular structure of a system and the
degree of the molecular activity
Independent of outside reference frames
Internal Energy (U): Sum of all the microscopic
forms of energy.
 Total Energy
Sum of macroscopic and microscopic
(internal) energies
Usually magnetic, electric and surface
tension effects are negligible
Total energy:
Physical Insight to Internal Energy
 Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
Statement: If two bodies are in thermal equilibrium with a
third body, they are also in thermal equilibrium with each
other.
Application:
By replacing the third body with a thermometer, the zeroth law can
be restated as: two bodies are in thermal equilibrium if both have
the same temperature reading even if they are not in contact
 Temperature Scales
Temperature scales are based on some easily reproducible
states such as freezing and boiling points of water, which
are called ice point and steam point
Examples:
Celsius scale
Fahrenheit scale
Referred to as two-point scales since temperature values
are assigned at two different points
 Thermodynamic Temperature Scale
Desirable to have a thermodynamic temperature scale
which is independent of the properties of any substance

Developed in conjunction with second law of

thermodynamics (how ???)

SI Units: Kelvin scale

English system: Rankin scale
 Ideal Gas Temperature Scale
Identical to Kelvin scale
Measured in Constant Volume Gas
Thermometer: rigid vessel filled with H2 or
He at low pressure

Procedure:
Measuring the gas pressure at two
reproducible points e.g. ice & steam points
Two points straight line values of a & b
Conceptual Questions (CH # 1)
Conceptual Questions (CH # 1)
Conceptual Questions (CH # 2)
Conceptual Questions (CH # 2)