WATER:

PROPERTIES,T
YPES & USES
BY: Ambika kohli & khushboo
chaurasia
BSC (HSC)
HSM-406
 WATER
Water(chemical formula:H2O) is a
transparent fluid which forms the
world's streams, lakes, oceans and
rain, and is the major constituent of
the fluids of organisms.
Water covers 71% of the Earth's
surface.
It exists in three forms: solid(ice),
liquid & gas(steam).
Pure water has no smell, taste, or color.
 WHAT IS WATER MADE UP OF
Water is amoleculemade of
2hydrogenatomsand 1oxygenatom.
Itschemical formulais H2O.
Water has asurface tension, so a little water
can make drops on a surface, rather than
always spreading out to wet the surface.
Water can also be called 'aqua', which is
theRomanword for water. Water is also used
for recreational purposes.
A human being can survive for up to a three
weeks without food, they can only survive for a
day or two without water. A fewdesertanimals
can get enough water from their food, but the
others must drink.
PROPERTIES
OF WATER
 PROPERTIES OF
High
Density-
Universal WATER
Polar specific
Cohesion
molecule
greatest
&
solvent
adhesion
heatat
of life
4c
 1 . Pol a r i t y o f w ate r
In a water molecule two hydrogen
atoms form single polar covalent
bonds with an oxygen atom. Gives
water more structure than other
liquids.
Because oxygen is more electronegative, the
region around oxygen has a partial negative
charge.
The region near the two hydrogen atoms has a
partial positive charge.

A water molecule is a polar molecule

Structu
re of
water
 2. Cohesion and Adhesion
Water has a highsurface tension. In other
words, water is adhesive and elastic, and
tends to aggregate in drops rather than
spread out over a surface as a thin film.
This phenomenon also causes water to stick
to the sides of vertical structures despite
gravity's downward pull.
Water's high surface tension allows for the
formation of water droplets and waves,
allows plants to move water (and dissolved
nutrients) from their roots to their leaves,
and the movement of blood through tiny
vessels in the bodies of some animals.
Cohesionholds hydrogen bonds together to
3. HIGH SPECIFIC HEAT
Water has a highspecific heat. Specific heat is the
amount of energy required to change the
temperature of a substance.
Because water has a high specific heat, it can
absorb large amounts of heat energy before it
begins to get hot. It also means that water releases
heat energy slowly when situations cause it to cool.
Water's high specific heat allows for the moderation
of the Earth's climate and helps organisms regulate
their body temperature more effectively.
 4. pH SCALE
Water in a pure state has a
neutralpH. As a result, pure
water is neitheracidicnorbasic.
Water changes its pH when
substances are dissolved in it.
Rain has a naturally acidic pH of
about 5.6 because it contains
natural derived carbon dioxide
and sulfur dioxide.
 5. Water is a universal
solvent

Water is a universalsolvent. It is
able to dissolve a large number of
different chemical compounds. This
feature also enables water to carry
solvent nutrients
inrunof,infiltration,groundwate
r, and living organisms.
 6. SOLVENT

Water dissolves a high range of

compounds.
SOLUTION= solvent + solution
Hydrophobic substances do not form
hydrogen bonds with water(eg: oil
membranes)
Hydrophilic substances form
hydrogen bonds with water(eg: ions)
 7. Density
The densityof water is the weight
of the water per its unit volume,
which depends onthe
temperatureof the water.
The density of water is
1,000kg/m.
TYPES OF
WATER
Water on earth exists in 3 different
forms:-
As a solid
 1. GROUNDWATER
When it rains, some water runs over the soil
surface and into rivers, but some sinks into the
soil. It trickles slowly between the soil particles
and around or through rocks.
When it meets a barrier like a solid sheet of
underground rock, it collects in hollows,
forming underground lakes called aquifers.
Some people drill a borehole to this
groundwater and pump it to the surface.
In general, this water contains high
concentrations of substances, called minerals.
 2. Natural spring
water
In some places, groundwater may
leak out at the surface as a
spring, or puddle to form a vlei (a
shallow natural pool of water).
Springs are a source of streams
and rivers. Generally, spring water
has a lower mineral content than
tap water and groundwater.
Natural spring
 3. Tap water
This is water that has been taken
from a river or dam, cleaned at a
purification station, such as Water
works, and then supplied via
pipelines to taps. During the
purification process water is cleaned
of all impurities and disinfected
before being delivered to the tap.
Generally, the mineral content of tap
water is between spring water and
Tap water
 4. Demineralised water
Water that has had all its minerals
removed by the processes of reverse
osmosis and distillation, is called
demineralised water. This water, also
called distilled water, is the only
absolutely pure form of water.
 5. Table water/bottled
water
Table water is an artificial mixture in
which tap water and other
ingredients such as saltwater or
mineral water may be used. As table
water is not linked to a particular
source, it can be produced and
bottled in every location. It can be
provided via tap systems and
supplied and transported in large
containers.
 6.Mineralised water
Mineral wateriswaterfrom
amineral springthat contains
variousminerals, such
assaltsandsulfur compounds.
Mineral water may be
effervescent(i.e., "sparkling") due to
contained gases.
Hazard symbol for non-potable
water
USES
OF
WATER
 For Dome
drinkin stic
agricult g use transport
ure ation

Water
recreat Uses of industr
ion
water y

Industri
Fire Food al
extincti Chemic proces applicat
on al uses sing ion
 1. Agriculture
The most important use of water
inagricultureis forirrigation, which
is a key component to produce
enough food. Irrigation takes up to
90% of water withdrawn in some
developing countriesand significant
proportions in more economically
developed countries (in the United
States, 30% of freshwater usage is
for irrigation).
Water in agriculture
 2. For drinking
Thehuman bodycontains from 55% to
78% water, depending on body size.To
function properly, the body requires
between one and seven liters of water
perdayto avoiddehydration; the precise
amount depends on the level of activity,
temperature, humidity, and other factors.
Pregnantandbreastfeedingwomen need
additional fluids to stay hydrated.
Drinking water
 3. Domestic use
Domesticuse includes water that is
used in the home every day,
including water for normal household
purposes, such as drinking, food
preparation, bathing, washing
clothes and dishes, flushing toilets,
and watering lawns and gardens.
 4. Transportation
The use of water for transportation of
materials through rivers and canals
as well as the international shipping
lanes is an important part of the
world economy.
 5. Fire extinction

Water has a high heat of

vaporization and is relatively
inert, which makes it a goodfire
extinguishingfluid. The
evaporation of water carries
heat away from the fire.
 6. Recreation
Humans use water for many recreational
purposes, as well as for exercising and for sports.
Some of these includeswimming,waterskiing ,
boating,surfinganddiving.
some sports, likeice hockeyandice skating, are
played on ice.
Lakesides, beaches andwater parksare popular
places for people to go to relax and enjoy
recreation.
Some keep fish and other life
inaquariumsorpondsfor show, fun.
Recreational uses
 7. Water industry
Thewater industryprovides drinking water
andwastewaterservices (includingsewage
treatment) tohouseholdsandindustry.
Water supplyfacilities includewater
wells ,forrainwater harvesting,water
supply networks, andwater
purificationfacilities,water tanks , water
towers,water pipes.
Atmospheric water generatorsare in
development.
 8. Industrial applications
Water is used inpower generation.
Hydroelectricityis electricity
obtained fromhydropower.
Hydroelectric power comes from
water driving a water turbine
connected to a generator.
Hydroelectricity is a low-cost, non-
polluting, renewable energy source.
The energy is supplied by the motion
of water.
Hydroelectric power plant
 9. Food processing
Boiling,steaming, andsimmeringare
popularcookingmethods that often
require immersing food in water or
its gaseous state, steam.
Water is also used fordishwashing.
Water also plays many critical roles
within the field offood science.