History of

management
Approches

Classical Approach

Human relations approach

Systems approach

Contingency approach
Classical approach

hierarchy of management

relationships in formal organization

productivity and efficiency

Scientific
Management

job was broken down to component parts

a regular schedule of working

Disadvantage: boring and require little skills

Bureaucracy
obey the rules, procedures and the law
strictly

separate business and personal matters,

Human Relations
approach
placed emphasis on the importance of
personnel management and gave impetus to
the work of the human relations writers.

Disadvantage:It ignores the role of the

organisation itself in how society operates

Conclusion : A happier worker is an efficient

worker
Neo-Human Relations
approach
The Neo Human Relation Approach is the
study of the organizational behavior of people
in groups, mainly in a workplace setting.

Original Study - Hawthorne effect

Studies the effect of monetary rewards on

employee satisfaction and productivity
System approach
The systems approach aims to reconcile classical
and Human relations

Any part of an organisation's activities affects all

other parts

Encourages managers to see the organisation both

as a whole and as a part of the large environment

Emphasised importance of multiple channels of

interaction

Suggested any change in an organisation must be

considered with its technical systems, social system
and the economic climate
Systems approach -
social action

meaning: the study result of organisation

form sociologists.

aim: showing the opinion of individual

menbers and explanation of their work
environment about organisation.
 one of major thrust of social action: Criticisms of earlier
approaches

meaning: It concened with a method that concentrating

on the aims and needs of organization instead of
considering the effectiveness of an organisation.

approach: Unitary or Pluralistic view -by Fox

aim: perceiving an industrial organisation

differences: the unitary approach ---- a team

the pluralistic approach---- competing sub-groups

Action Theory
meaning: a theory about hunman behaviour - by Bowey

The theory is made up of action theory, systems theory

and contingency theory.

The theory could not cope with the analysis of the

behaviour within an organisation that including a host of
people.

three essential principles (for small scale):

sociology is related to behaviours and meaningful

action

when the action was reaffirmed, particular meanings

should be remained.
 changes in meanings can be caused by actions

four additional concepts (for large scale):

Role - the analysis of behaviour in organisation

Relationship - explain the patterns of interaction

Structure - a transitory social structure

Process - continuous interdependent

sequences of actions
Contingency
approach

An extension of system approach

showed renewed concern with the essential of

structure = important effect on organizational
performance
Postmodernism
the development of the information and
technological age a more recent view of
organisations and management

rejects a rational systems approach to our

understanding

to accepted explanations of society and human

behavior

arguably more of a generalized sociological

concept rather than a specific approach to
organization and management
Clegg
influence of technological determinism

structural flexibility

premised on niches

multi-skilled jobs marked by a lack of

demarcation

more complex employment relationships

(subcontracting and networking
Positive advantages
help students in the arrangement and study
of their material

traces the major lines of argument developed

by writers seeking to advise practising

managers on how they might improve

performance

helps in organizational analysis and in the

identification of problem areas