Pulse Width Modulation

A modulationtechnique used to encode

amessageinto apulsing signal that is
commonly used by microcontrollers for
communicating with certain types of
peripherals, such as motors.
Baseband PWM
PWM employs a train of pulses. All pulses are
flat-topped and have the same amplitude. The
pulse repetition rate is constant. Information is
conveyed by the width of the pulses.
W= a + bx a always +ve
b +ve or -ve
 Source
http://zimmer.fresnostate.
edu/
BASEBAND PWM

Duty cycle is the fraction of time period

for which pulse is high.
Source RELATION BETWEEN VOLTAGE AND DUTY CYCLE
 Types of systems

For
example :-
Driving
process
 What is feedback ?
- Process in which effect or output of an action is
returned (fed-back) to modify the next action.

Advantages of close loop

Ability to perform accurately.
Perform better when the input is not stable.
Applications: - position control, speed control, etc.
 Terminology
Error
Difference between desired value and current value is
called error. e i.e.
(Error) = X (Desired value) x
(current value)

Desired value
The value of a quantity that we want to attain.
Current value
The most recent value of the quantity.
 PID Controller
PID stands for Proportional (P), Integral (I) and
Derivative (D) controller.

(Error at time t), e(t) = Desired position, X Current position

at time t, x(t)