Signal Transmission

Signal Transmission
In telecommunications, transmission is the process of
sending and propagating an analogue or digital information
signal over a physical point-to-point or point-to-multipoint
transmission medium, either wired, optical fiber or wireless.
One example of transmission is the sending of a signal with
limited duration, for example a block or packet of data, a
phone call, or an email. Transmission technologies and
schemes typically refer to physical layer protocol duties such
as modulation, demodulation, line coding, equalization, error
control, bit synchronization and multiplexing, but the term
may also involve higher-layer protocol duties, for example,
digitizing an analog message signal, and source coding
(compression).
Analog Transmission
Analog or analogue transmission is a transmission
method of conveying voice, data, image, signal or video
information using a continuous signal which varies in
amplitude, phase, or some other property in proportion
to that of a variable. It could be the transfer of an
analog source signal, using an analog modulation
method such as frequency modulation (FM) or
amplitude modulation (AM), or no modulation at all.
Types of analog transmissions

Most analog transmissions fall into one of several

categories. Until recently, most telephony and voice
communication was primarily analog in nature, as was
most television and radio transmission. Early
telecommunication devices utilized analog-to-digital
conversion devices called modulator/demodulators, or
modems, to convert analog signals to digital signals and
back.
Modem
A modem (modulator-demodulator) is a network
hardware device that modulates one or more carrier
wave signals to encode digital information for
transmission and demodulates signals to decode the
transmitted information. The goal is to produce a signal
that can be transmitted easily and decoded to
reproduce the original digital data. Modems can be used
with any means of transmitting analog signals, from
light emitting diodes to radio. A common type of
modem is one that turns the digital data of a computer
into modulated electrical signal for transmission over
telephone lines and demodulated by another modem at
the receiver side to recover the digital data.
Acoustic Coupler Modem
Digital Transmission
Telemetry
Telemetry is a device used to remotely measure any
quantity. It consists of a sensor, a transmission path,
and a display, recording, or control device. Telemeters
are the physical devices used in telemetry. Electronic
devices are widely used in telemetry and can be
wireless or hard-wired, analog or digital. Other
technologies are also possible, such as mechanical,
hydraulic and optical.
Frequency Modulation

Frequency modulation (FM) is the encoding of information in a carrier

wave by varying the instantaneous frequency of the wave. This
contrasts with amplitude modulation, in which the amplitude of the
carrier wave varies, while the frequency remains constant.
Frequency modulation is widely used for FM radio broadcasting. It is
also used in telemetry, radar, seismic prospecting, and monitoring
newborns for seizures via EEG, two-way radio systems, music
synthesis, magnetic tape-recording systems and some video-
transmission systems. In radio transmission, an advantage of
frequency modulation is that it has a larger signal-to-noise ratio and
therefore rejects radio frequency interference better than an equal
power amplitude modulation (AM) signal. For this reason, most music
is broadcast over FM radio.
Radar