COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE

AND IMPLMENTATION
OVERVIEW

PRESENTATION BY:
EMMANUEL DARKWA
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 OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION

• AN INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE

• HISTORY

• COMPUTER ARCHITURE EXPLAINED

• CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE

• THE ROLE OF COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE

• FACTORS AFFECTING COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE

•SOME EXAMPLES OF COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE

•THEIMPLEMENTATION ASPECT OF COMPUTER

ARCHITECTURE

• FACTORS AFFECTING IMPLEMENTATION 2

•SUMMARY
 AN INTRODUCTION TO
COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE

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 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
 The term “architecture” in computer literature can be traced to the work
of Lyle R. Johnson, Muhammad Usman Khan and Frederick P. Brooks, Jr.,
members in 1959 of the Machine Organization department in IBM’s main
research center. This occurred in an attempt to characterize the
description of formats, instruction type, hardware parameters and speed
enhancement in a Supercomputer research communication for Los Alamos
Scientific Laboratory.

 The term “architecture” as applied to computer design, was first used in

1964 by Gene Amdahl, G. Anne Blaauw, and Frederick Brooks, Jr., the
designers of the IBM System/360. They coined the term to refer to those
aspects of the instruction set available to programmers, independent of
the hardware on which the instruction set was implemented.

 In current decade, however, designers' main challenges have been to

implement processors efficiently, to design communicating memory
hierarchies, and to integrate multiple processors in a single design.
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 COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE EXPLAINED
1. Computer Architecture = ISA + MO
 Instruction Set Architecture
 What the executable can “see” as underlying
hardware
 Logical View
 Machine Organization
 How the hardware implements ISA ?
 Physical View

Basically, its the arrangement of a system put together

incepting from conceptual structure and functional
behavior through data flow controls, the logical
design and the physical implementation , to achieve 5
a particular task.
COMPUTER
DESIGN LAYOUT
•Is a way of looking at
the basic operational
structure of the
computer.

•It is the blueprint of

the requirements and
design implementations
for the various parts of
a computer.

•The key to a successful

computing system is to
select and interconnect
hardware components
that results in a
functional, cost-
effective, performance-
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driven machine.
 CLASSIFICATION OF
COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE

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 CATEGORIES OF COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE
1. Instruction Set Architecture (ISA)-
The abstract image of a computing system that is seen by a machine
language programmer, including the instruction set, word size,
memory addresses mode, processor register and address and data
formats.

2. Hardware System Architecture (HSA)-

 CPU
 Storage Device
 System Output

 Logical Design and Data Flow Application

3. Micro Architecture –
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Detailed, description of the system that involves how the constituent
parts of the system are interconnected and how they interoperate in
TYPES OF COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE:

o VON NEUMANN ARCHITECTURE.

o HARVARD ARCHITECTURE.

o CELLULAR ARCHITECTURE

The quantum computer architecture holds the most

promise to revolutionize computing.

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 VON NEUMANN ARCHITECTURE-COMPLETED IN
1952
 The von Neumann architecture is a design model for a
Scientist at stored-program digital computer that uses a
the Institute central processing unit (CPU) and a single separate
of Advanced storage structure ("memory") to hold both instructions
Studies and data. It is named after the mathematician and
early computer scientist John von Neumann.

DESCRIPTION
 For example, a desk calculator (in principle) is a fixed
program computer. It can do basic mathematics, but it
cannot be used as a word processor or a gaming
console.

 The idea of the stored-program computer changed all

that: a computer that by design includes an
instruction set and can store in memory a set of 10
instructions (a program) that details the computation
 THE VON NEUMAN MACHINE - COMPLETED 1952 CONT’D

 Stored Program concept

Scientist at
the Institute
 Main memory storing programs and
of Advanced data
Studies
 ALU operating on binary data
 Control unit interpreting
instructions from memory and
executing
 Input and Output equipment
operated by control unit

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 STRUCTURE OF VON NEUMANN MACHINE
Central Processing Unit
CPU

CA
Arithmetic –Logic Unit

Main Input/Output
Memory Equipment
M Program Control Unit
I/O
CC

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 EARLY VON NEUMANN ARCHITECTURE COMPUTERS
Among these various computers, only ILLIAC and ORDVAC had
compatible instruction sets.

ORDVAC (U-Illinois) at Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland (completed Nov

1951
IAS machine at Princeton University (Jan 1952)
MANIAC I at Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory (Mar 1952)

ILLIAC at the University of Illinois, (Sept 1952)

AVIDAC at Argonne National Laboratory (1953)

ORACLE at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (Jun 1953)

JOHNNIAC at RAND Corporation (Jan 1954)

BESK in Stockholm (1953)

BESM-1 in Moscow (1952)

DASK in Denmark (1955)

PERM in Munich (1956?)

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SILLIAC in Sydney (1956)

WEIZAC in Rehovoth (1955)

HARVARD
ARCHITECTURE
The Harvard architecture
is a computer architecture
with physically separate
storage and signal pathways
for instructions and data. The
term originated from the
Harvard Mark I relay-based
computer, which stored
instructions on punched tape
(24 bits wide) and data in
electro-mechanical counters.
These early machines had
limited data storage, entirely
contained within the
central processing unit, and
provided no access to the
instruction storage as data.
Programs needed to be loaded
by an operator, the processor
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could not boot itself.
CELLULAR
ARCHITECTURE
A cellular architecture is a
type of computer
architecture prominent in
parallel computing.
Cellular architectures are
relatively new, with IBM's
Cell microprocessor being
the first one to reach the
market. Cellular
architecture takes multi-
core architecture design to
its logical conclusion, by
giving the programmer the
ability to run large numbers
of concurrent threads
within a single processor.
a cellular architecture
containing 9 cores, is15the
processor used in the
PlayStation 3.
THE ROLE OF COMPUTER
ARCHITECTURE

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AMONG THE ROLES, COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE
o HELPS OPTIMIZE PERFORMANCE-BASED PRODUCTS-

Software engineers may need to optimize software in

order to gain the most performance at the least
expense;
- by arranging for most data to be processed in the
fastest data path or
-by replacing the processor with a faster version say

-3.8 GHz instead of 3.2 GHz

o ALSO HELPS PLAN THE SELECTION OF A PROCESSOR

FOR A PARTICULAR PROJECT -

Multimedia projects may need very rapid data access,

while supervisory software may need fast interrupts.
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-By Adding an additional processor to a system say

Core Duo instead of P4

 FACTORS AFFECTING
COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE

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SOME EXAMPLES OF ARCHITECTURE …
 Early 1990’s Apple switched instruction set architecture of the
Macintosh from Motorola 68000-based machines to PowerPC
architecture.
 Intel 80x86 Family: many implementations of same architecture
program written in 1978 for 8086 can be run on latest Pentium chip
Digital Alpha (v1, v3) 1992-97 RIP soon
° HP PA-RISC (v1.1, v2.0) 1986-96 RIP soon
° Sun SPARC (v8, v9) 1987-95
° SGI MIPS (MIPS I, II, III, IV, V) 1986-96
° IA-16/32 (8086,286,386, 486, 1978-1999
Pentium, MMX, SSE, …)
° IA-64 (Itanium) 1996-now
° AMD64/EMT64 2002-now
° IBM POWER (PowerPC,…) 1990-now
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° Many dead processor architectures live on in
° microcontrollers
 DESIGN PURPOSE
The exact form of a computer system depends on the constraints
and purpose for which it optimized. This usually considers the
following attributes;
Classification;

Cost;

Memory capacity;
Features, Size, and Weight;
Reliability – must work correctly;
Expandability and
Power consumption are factors as well.

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 PERFORMANCE
Computer performance is often described in terms of clock speed
(usually in MHz or GHz). This refers to the cycles per second of the
main clock of the CPU.
Major measuring factors of performance.
Processor Cache-
If the speed, MHz or GHz, were to be a car then the cache of a processor is
like the gas tank. No matter how fast the car goes, it will still need to get
gas. The higher the speed, and the greater the cache, the faster a
processor runs.
Speed - This refers to the cycles/second of the main clock of the CPU.
New Energy/Power - Energy per task, power
There are two main types of speed,

Latency: Is the time between the start of a process and its completion.
Interrupt latency is the guaranteed maximum response time of the system
to an electronic event (e.g. when the disk drive freezes when is to perform
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a task).
Throughput: is the amount of work done per unit time.
 POWER COMSUMPTION
Power consumption is another design criterion that factors in the design of
modern computers. This is in respect to having a power plan.
 A power plan is a collection of hardware and system settings that
manages how your computer uses power. Power plans can help you save
energy, maximize system performance, or achieve a balance between
the two.

 You can change settings for any of your power plans, including the three
default plans—Balanced, Power saver, and High performance.

 Balanced- Offers full performance when you need it and saves

power during periods of inactivity.
 Power saver- Saves power by reducing system performance.
This plan can help mobile PC users get the most from a single
battery charge.
 High performance- Maximizes system performance and responsiveness.
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Mobile PC users may notice that their battery doesn't last as long when
using this plan.
 OPERATING SYSTEM
Operating system is another design criterion that factors in the design of
modern computers. This is whether it can run on that particular
This is whether it can run on that particular designed architecture

 APPLICATIONS
This is whether Customized softwares can also run on that particular
designed architecture.

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IMPLEMENTATION ASPECT OF
COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE

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 IMPLEMENTATION
Is the process of transferring the ISA and micro architecture as
specified, into hardware architecture.
Implementation is usually not considered architectural definition,
but rather hardware design engineering.

 Implementation can be further broken down into three (not fully

distinct) pieces:
 Logic Implementation — design of blocks defined in the micro
architecture at (primarily) the register-transfer and gate levels.

 Circuit Implementation — transistor-level design of basic

elements (gates, multiplexers, latches etc) as well as of some
larger blocks (ALUs, caches etc) that may be implemented at this
level, or even (partly) at the physical level, for performance
reasons.

 Physical Implementation — physical circuits are drawn out, the 25

different circuit components are placed in a chip on a board and
the wires connecting them are routed.
AFFECTING FACTORS OF IMPLEMENTATION

 Technology method

 Speed

 Cost

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SUMMARY:
COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE VS IMPLEMENTATION &
BUILDING ARCHITECTURE VS CONSTRUCTION

ARCHITECTURE IMPLEMENTATION

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 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
 Material comes from discussions on new directions for architecture
with:
 Professors Krste Asanovíc (MIT), Raz Bodik, Jim Demmel, Kurt
Keutzer, John Wawrzynek, and Kathy Yelick-Internet
 LBNL:Parry Husbands, Bill Kramer, Lenny Oliker, John Shalf -
Internet
 UCB Grad students Joe Gebis and Sam Williams-Internet
 Von Neumann Architecture – Internet (From Wikipedia, the free
encyclopedia
 Von Neumann Architecture – Internet (From Wikipedia, the free
encyclopedia}
 Etc.
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THANK YOU FOR
YOUR ATTENTION

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