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Bending Stress
Bending Stress
Bending Stress
MATERIALS
BENDING STRESSES
1. To know about
convention symbols
for bending stress
BENDING
STRESS
5. Calculate the
3. Understanding
second moment of
types of section
area (I) for the
standard
standard section
4. Calculate the
neutral axis (NA)
for standard of
section
1. CONVENTION SYMBOLS
SYMBOLS DESCRIPTION UNIT
E
Youngs Modulus ( N/m2 )
F
Concentrated Load (N)
I Second Moment Area ( m4 )
Ic Second Moment Area around centroid axis ( m4 )
Bending Moment ( Nm )
M
Radius of Curvature (m)
R
STRESSES IN BEAMS
Forces and couples acting on the beam cause
bending (flexural stresses) and shearing stresses
on any cross section of the beam and deflection
perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the
beam.
Referring on beside M
M
E F
partially in Figure
O
9.2 (a)
R
will be show as in
F
P
y
beam.
Rajah 9.2
(b)
A B
M
E F M
Thelayers is called
y
P Q
or neutral plane. O
Rajah 9.2
(a)
Thebending stress ()
R
at N.A = 0.
P.N.
M A
B
E M
F
P
y
Q
C
D
Rajah 9.2
(b)
Distance of neutral axis from A B
The layers along N.A become to R
E'F.
P.N.
M A
EF = EF = R B
original length, PQ = EF = R
E M
F
P
y
Q
Final length, PQ = (R+y) C
D
Rajah 9.2
(b)
The elongation of PQ
PQ Strain A B
Original length
M
E F M
(R y) - R
y
P Q
R C D
Rajah 9.2
(a)
y O
R
R
y P.
Stress at PQ, E
M A
N.
R E
B
M
F
P
E
y
Q
C
.......................eq. (1) D
y R Rajah 9.2
(b)
Based on Figure 9.2 (c), the cross section area for shaded strip is
= A.
Suppose that the longitudinal stress on the line = .
N
E
Moment around N.A y. A x y
R
y P
Have been proven, E. y A
R
E
So, the force on the strip y.A Rajah 9.2: Allocation of bending stress
R
The total moments of beam cross section:-
E 2
y .A
R
E
E 2
M y . A M I
R R
Note;
E M E
Therefore:- M .I or
R I R
When combined with equation 1, then:-
M wL
max
8
BENDING MOMENT OF BEAM (WITH
UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED LOAD)
M wL
max
2
WE WILL
CONTINUE.AFTER
TAKE 5.
EXERCISE:-
1. What is the meaning of symbol (I) in the general
bending stress below
M E
I y R
A. Second moment of inertia
B. Centroid
C. Radius of curvature (jejari kelengkungan)
D. Bending moment
EXERCISE:-
2. What is the meaning of symbol (M) in the
general bending stress below
M E
I y R
A. Second moment of inertia
B. Centroid
C. Radius of curvature
D. Bending moment
EXERCISE:-
3. What is the meaning of symbol (y) in the general
bending stress below
M E
I y R
A. Second moment of inertia
B. Centroid
C. Radius of curvature
D. Bending moment
EXERCISE:-
B. M wL
max
8
2
C. M wL
max
16
EXERCISE:-
B.
M wL
max
8
2
C.
M wL
max
16
ANSWER:-
1. A
2. D
3. B
4. B
5. A
INTRODUCTION SECOND MOMENT OF AREA
B
dA
dy
d/2
b - d/2
y 2 dy
d
P.N.
y
d / 2
y 3
b
3 d / 2
C D
bd 3
Second moment of area
12 at the N.A axis
SECOND MOMENT OF AREA RECTANGULAR I-
SECTION
B
b b
C
P.N.
d D
3 3
BD 2 (bd ) To obtain the second
- moment of area by using the
12 12 cut-of
SECOND MOMENT OF AREA CIRCULAR SECTION
dA = rd
Rajah 10.3: Rasuk Berkeratan Rentas Bulat
SECOND MOMENT OF AREA CIRCULAR SECTION
From the polar coordinate
system:-
I P.N. y 2 dA
y = r sin
2 ro
Second moment of area at
0 0
r 2 sin 2 rd dr
N.A for a circular section is
given by:- r0
2 r4
0
sin d
4 0
dr
r 4
r 2
d
0
4 0
sin 2 d
ro
r 4
Rajah 10.3: The Circular cross section
4
THEOREM OF PARALLEL AXIS
I xx y dA
2
y
h
x x
Rajah 10.4: Rectangular section beam
d
THEOREM OF PARALLEL AXIS A
y
P N
If the NA line is drawn parallel to y
the line x-x, then the formula above h
can be described as follows: -
x x
NOTE:
Ixx = IP.N. + Ah 2
h = distance from the midpoint of part of
section in parallel with the neural axis.
STANDARD SECTION SCHEDULE
From the equation that has been made, we can be brief as the table
below: -
STANDARD SECTION SCHEDULE
CENTROID (Y) - A COMBINATION FORM
semicircular ADP.
CENTROID - A COMBINATION FORM
For Figure 10.5 (a) a high centroid of every basic form of BC is not
the same that y1 y2
p P
A D
A D
A DD C
y2
y
y1
C
B C B
Rajah 10.5(b)
Therefore,
y
Ay
A
(A1 y1 A 2 y 2 )
(A1 A 2 )
CENTROID - TRUNCATED FORM
In Figure 10.6 (a) part of square DEFG is cut and removed from the
original rectangular form of ABCH.
A
Figure 10.6 (a) a high centroid for each basic shape of H
E
D
B C
A H
A H
Rajah 10.6(a)
F G
G
F
E
y1 y D y
E D
2
B
B C C
Rajah 10.6(b)
CENTROID - TRUNCATED FORM
Referring to Figure 10.7, form of L can be produced by
combining two rectangular or separated and cut methods of
rectangular EDGF from ABCG.
A G F G A F
y2
E D
y1 y
E D
B C B C
y
Ay
A
(A1 y1 A 2 y 2 )
(A1 A 2 )
THE STRESS DISTRIBUTION
If the for every layer of the upper surface to the bottom surface
of the beam is determined, the values can be plotted on a graph
as follows. The graph shows the distribution of the bending
stress.
Look at the value of is not dependent on cross-sectional width
of a strip. In layer N.A, = 0.
- compressive
5 cm
P.N.
=0
7 cm
- tensile
THANK YOU
Q&A
EXERCISE:-
1. The equation of the second moment of area
for rectangular shape is:-
A. d 2
4
d 3
B.
12
d 4
C.
12
d 3
D. 4
EXERCISE:-
2. The equation of the second moment of area for
circular section is:-
A. r 4
B. r 2
4
C. r 2
12
r 4
D.
4
EXERCISE:-
3. This below formula is state of :-
I xx y
2
dA
A. Second moment of area
D. Modulus of section
EXERCISE:-
4. Which is the formula is to determine the
distance of centroid?
A. Ay
A
B. Ah
A
Ay 2
C. A
Ay
D. Ah
EXERCISE:-
5. Which if the unit of second moment of area?
A. m4
B. m2
C. Nm2
D. N/m2
C. X = b and Y = d
D. X = d and Y = h
Y
EXERCISE:-
EXAMPLE 1 60
mm
20
16 kN 16 mm
kN
15 80
1m 1m mm mm
6m
distance of 1 m from both ends of the beam. Bar is simply supported on both ends as in
Figure 10.3 (a). The cross section bar is shown in Figure 10.3 (b). Calculate the following: -
d. Maximum the compressive and the tensile bending stress in the beam
Given E= 200 GN / m2
SOLUTION EXAMPLE 1:-
i. Calculate the distance of neutral axis from the bottom of the beam.
Step 1:
Divide of those sections into two parts. Calculate the centroid of the area and distance for each part
of the sectional base.
SOLUTION EXAMPLE 1:-
Step 2:
Determine the distance on the bottom of neutral axis cross section
(1200 x 90 ) (1200 x 40 )
(1200 1200)
65 mm
SOLUTION EXAMPLE 1:-
ii. Calculate the second moment of area around the neutral axis .
Step 3:
Calculate the second moment of area and distance h for each section.
(-)
R1 = R2 = 16 kN
G.D.R
M = 16 kNm ( hogging )
G.M.L.
SOLUTION EXAMPLE 1:-
M E EI
R
I y R M
27.25 m
SOLUTION EXAMPLE 1:-
iv. Maximum the compressive and the tensile bending stress in the beam.
Step 5:
ymax = 65 mm = 0.065 m
ymax = 35 mm = 0.035 m
120
20 kN/m mm
E E
40 mm
1m 60 80 mm
mm
y
SOLUTION EXAMPLE 2:
Step 1:
Divide of those sections into two parts. Get wide and centroid of
distance each part of the sectional base.
SOLUTION EXAMPLE 2:
A1 y1 A 2 y2
y
A1 A2
70 mm
SOLUTION EXAMPLE 2:
= 1.184 x 10-5 m4
SOLUTION EXAMPLE 2:
iii. Maximum bending moment occurs at the bar met the wall of :
Since the beam is hogging, the top surface will have the lower
surface tension and compression
SOLUTION EXAMPLE 2:
ylower maximum = 70 mm
M M max y max
max
I y I
10,000 x 50 x 10 -3
max tensile 42.23 MN/m 2
1.184 x 10-5
10,000 x 70 x 10-3
max compressiv e 59.12 MN/m 2
1.184 x 10 -5
EXAMPLE 3:
a. A cross section of a beam as shown in below figure.
Calculate :-
i. The neutral axis for the beam
ii. second moment of area around the neutral axis.
10
mm 20 mm
P.N
100 .
mm
100 mm
10 mm
40
mm
SOLUTION EXAMPLE 3:
80
Get area for each of divisions involved :- mm
20
m
10 m
20
mm
mm
Part 1 A1 = 80 x 20 = 1600 mm2 100
P.
N
mm
Part 2 A2 = 40 x 100 = 4000 mm2 . 100
mm
10
Part 3 A3 = 20 x 100 = 2000 mm2 mm 40
m
m
71.1 mm 1
P.N.
2
SOLUTION EXAMPLE 3:
80 x 203
IC1 = 53 x 103 mm 4
12
40 x 1003
IC2 = 3.33 x 103 mm 4
12
20 x 1003
IC3 = 1.67 x 106 mm 4
12
3
m
RA RB
30 3
Therefore, RA = RB = kN 45 kN
2
Mmax will occur on midspan of the beam. Therefore,
Mmax = wL2 / 8
= 30 kN/m (32) / 8
= 33.75 kNm
SOLUTION EXAMPLE 3:
We obtained that :
Thus;
M M max y max
max
I y I
120 mm
40 kN/m
E E
20 mm
5m 60 100
mm mm
y
Thank You.
Q&A