Diffusion Report

Diffusion
Material Science Presentation

by Group 5
Powerpoint Templates
Page 1
Topics Covered
What is Diffusion?
Interdiffusion
Self-diffusion
Diffusion Mechanisms
Vacancy Diffusion
Interstitial Diffusion
Mathematics of Diffusion (Ficks

Laws)
Steady-State Diffusion
Non Steady-State Diffusion
Factors affecting Diffusion

Diffusing Species
Host Solid
Temperature
Microstructure
Page 2
What is Diffusion?
o It is the motion of atoms, ions, or vacancies
through a material.
o Inhomogeneous materials can become

homogeneous by diffusion.
Page 3
Interdiffusion and Self-diffusion
Interdiffusion (Impurity Diffusion) occurs
in response to a concentration gradient.
Concentration Gradient - concentration

that exists between a two different
materials.
Page 4
Interdiffusion and Self-diffusion
Self-diffusion is the diffusion of an atom to a
new site in a crystal when all atoms are of the
same type.
Page 5
1) Vacancy Diffusion
An atom from its normal lattice

position changes position with an
adjacent vacancy lattice site, so the
atoms and vacancies travel in opposite
directions.
Page 6
1) Vacancy Diffusion
Page 7
2) Interstitial Diffusion
Atoms move from one interstitial site to
another vacant interstitial site.
Interstitial diffusion is generally faster
than vacancy diffusion because bonding
of interstitials to the surrounding atoms
is normally weaker and there are many
more interstitial sites than vacancy sites
to jump to.
Requires small impurity atoms (e.g. C,
H, O) to fit into interstices in host.
Page 8
2) Interstitial Diffusion
Page 9
Other mechanisms which are quite rare but nonetheless important
in semiconductors are:
1)Indirect interstitial mechanism for self-interstitials
> The simulation shows the elementary
step: A self-interstitial (shown in light
blue for easier identification) pushes a
lattice atom into the interstitial lattice.
The net effect is the migration of an self-
interstitial from one interstitial site to an
different one.
2)The "kick-out" mechanism for impurity atoms

> Interstitial impurity atoms move rather
fast by a direct interstitial mechanism,
until they eventually displace a lattice
atom. This is shown in the simulation. We
now have a self-interstitial (that may or
may not be very mobile) and a rather
immobile substitutional impurity atom,
which may now diffuse with one of the
other (slow) mechanisms.
Page 10
3) Frank-Turnbull mechanisms (or dissociative mechanism).
> This is the pendant to the kick-out mechanism.
Except that the diffusing impurity atom does not
dislodge a lattice atom, but gets trapped in a
vacancy, whereupon it is almost immobile. The
total effect may be quite similar to the kick-out
mechanism.
4) Various direct diffusion mechanisms
> Shown is a direct exchange of places between
two atoms. Variants are exchanges involving
more that 2 atoms (a whole "ring" that
"rotates").
Direct mechanisms are every now and then
suggested in the literature to account for some
new diffusion phenomena, but so far do not seem
to occur in crystals.
5) Extended interstitial" mechanism

> This is a possibility not yet discussed or
observed. It is mentioned just to show that
there might be more atomic mechanisms
than have been discovered so far. Templates
Powerpoint
Page 11
Mathematics of Diffusion
Steady-State Diffusion - Rate of diffusion
independent of time. Flux proportional to
concentration gradient = dC
dx
Ficks First Law of
Diffusion
dC
J D
dx
Where:
D = diffusion
coefficient
Page 12
C1 C1
C2 C2
x1 x2
x
dC C C2 C1
if linear
dx x x2 x1
Page 13
Example: Chemical Protective Clothing (CPC)
Methylene chloride is a common ingredient of paint
removers. Besides being an irritant, it also may be
absorbed through skin. When using this paint remover,
protective gloves should be worn.
If butyl rubber gloves (0.04 cm thick) are used, what is
the diffusive flux of methylene chloride through the
glove?
Data: diffusion coefficient in butyl rubber:
D = 110 x10-8 cm2/s
surface concentrations:
C1 = 0.44 g/cm3
C2 = 0.02 g/cm3
Page 14
Example: Chemical Protective Clothing (CPC)
Solution Assuming linear conc. Gradient
C1 dC C2 C1
tb
2 J -D D
paint
6D dx x2 x1
skin
remover
C2 Data: D = 110 x 10-8 cm2/s
x1 x2 C1 = 0.44 g/cm3
C2 = 0.02 g/cm3
x2 x1 = 0.04 cm
(0.02 g/cm 3 0.44 g/cm 3 ) g

J (110 x 10 cm /s)
-8 2
1.16 x 10-5
(0.04 cm) cm 2s
Page 15
Non Steady-State Diffusion - Concentration
profile and the concentration gradient are
changing with time. The solution of this
equation is concentration profile as
function of time, C(x,t)
Ficks Second
Law of Diffusion
Where:
D = diffusion x = position
coefficient C=
t = temperature concentration
profile
Page 16
Where:
x is the distance into the solid
Cx is the concentration of diffusing species at
distance x
Co is the initial bulk concentration of the
diffusing species in the solid.
Cs- is the surface concentration (constant)
D- is the Diffusivity
t is time
erf is the Gaussian Error Function.
Page 17
Ficks second law relates the rate of change
of composition with time to the curvature
of the concentration profile:
Concentration increases with time in

those parts of the system where
concentration profile has a positive
curvature. And decreases where
curvature is negative.
Page 18
Example:
Page 19
Solution:
Page 20
Factors Affecting Diffusion
Diffusion of interstitials is typically faster
as compared to the vacancy diffusion
mechanism.
Smaller atoms cause less distortion of the

lattice during migration and diffuse more
readily than big atoms.
Diffusion is faster in open lattices or in

open directions.
Page 21
Temperature - diffusion rate increases very
rapidly with increasing temperature
Diffusion mechanism diffusion by

interstitial mechanism is usually faster than by
vacancy mechanism
Diffusing and host species - Do, Qd are

different for every solute, solvent pair
Microstructure - diffusion is faster in

polycrystalline materials compared to single
crystals because of the accelerated diffusion
along grain boundaries.
Page 22
Formula (Arrhenius dependence):
Where:
Page 23

Diffusion Report

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Diffusion Report

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Diffusion

Material Science Presentation

Mathematics of Diffusion (Ficks

Factors affecting Diffusion

o Inhomogeneous materials can become

Concentration Gradient - concentration

An atom from its normal lattice

2)The "kick-out" mechanism for impurity atoms

5) Extended interstitial" mechanism

(0.02 g/cm 3 0.44 g/cm 3 ) g

Concentration increases with time in

Smaller atoms cause less distortion of the

Diffusion is faster in open lattices or in

Diffusion mechanism diffusion by

Diffusing and host species - Do, Qd are

Microstructure - diffusion is faster in

You might also like