Hormones of the Anterior

Pituitary
 ADENOHYPOPHYSIS
Secretion of hormones is controlled by
Releasing Hormones produced by
hypothalamus -----> hypothalamic-
hypophyseal portal system
1. GHRH ---- Growth hormone releasing hormones
2. PRH ---- Prolactin releasing hormones
3. TRH ---- Thyroid releasing hormones
4. GnRH ---- Gonadotropin releasing hormones
5. CRH --- Corticotropin releasing hormones
6. MRF ---- melanocyte-Stimulating hormone
releasing factor
NEUROHYPOPHYSIS
Extension of nervous tissue from the
hypothalamus
Hormones produced by hypothalamus
and migrate via nerve fibers ----
hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract
1.Antidiuretic hormone ADH
(vasopressin)
2.Oxytocin
PINEAL GLAND
Secretes melatonin
Inhibits secretion of
gonadotropin-releasing
hormone
Plays role in the circadian
rhythm of the bodys response
to light and dark cycles
 (R)/(L) lobes
connected by an
isthmus
Vascular
Covered by thyroid
sheath (derived from
pretracheal layer)
attaches gland to
larynx and trachea
Hormones:
1. T3/T4
2. calcitonin
 Pear-shaped lobes
Apex: directed upward as far as
oblique line of thyroid cartilage
Base: level of 4th or 5th tracheal ring
Isthmus: across the midline,
in front of 2nd-4th tracheal
rings
Pyramidal lobe: often present;
projects upward from isthmus,
usually to the left of midline
A fibrous or muscular band
connects the pyramidal lobe to the
hyoid
if it is muscular, it is referred to as the
Levator glandulae thyroideae
Arterial Supply & Venous Drainage
Lymph Drainage & Nerve Supply

Lymph drains
mainly laterally
into the deep
cervical LN (VI)
A few lymph
vessels
descend
to the

paratracheal
LN
Nerve Supply
 Parathyroid Gland

Parathyroi
d gland
 Superior Parathyroid glands
(2): constant in position
Lie at the level of the middle of
the posterior border of the thyroid
gland
Inferior Parathyroid glands
(2): located
usually close to inferior poles
of the thyroid
caudal to thyroid, associated
w/ inferior thyroid veins
superior mediastinum
 Glands may lie:

1. Within the fascial

sheath
2. Embedded in thyroid

substance
3. Outside the fascial
sheath
Blood supply:
1.Superior Thyroid
artery
 2 yellowish retro-peritoneal glands
Lie on the upper poles of the kidneys
Surrounded by renal fascia (separated from the kidney
by perirenal fat)
Each gland has a yellow cortex and a dark brown
medulla
Hormones of the cortex:
1. Mineralocorticoids control
fluid & electrolyte balance
2. Glucocorticoids control
metabolism of carbohydrates, fats,
& proteins
3. Small amounts of sex hormones
play a role in the prepubertal
development of sex organs
Hormones of the medulla:
1. Epinephrine Catecholamines
2. Norepinephrine
Right Suprarenal gland
Pyramid-shaped &
caps upper pole of
right kidney
Lies behind (R) lobe of
liver & extends
medially behind IVC
Rests posteriorly on
the diaphragm
Left Suprarenal gland
Crescentic in shape &
extends along medial
border of left kidney,
from upper pole to hilus
Lies behind the pancreas,
lesser sac, & stomach
Rests posteriorly on the
diaphragm
Arterial Supply & Venous Drainage
Arteries
1. Inferior phrenic
artery
2. Aorta
3. Renal artery
Veins
. A single vein
emerges from the
hilum of each
gland drains
into the:
1. IVC right
gland
Lymph Drainage & Nerve Supply
Lymph
Drainage:
Lateral aortic
nodes

Nerve Supply:
preganglionic
sympathetic
fibers (derived
from splanchnic
nerves)