Protozoa

Phyla
 List of Phyla
Amoeba-like organisms (e.g., Amoeba)
Phylum Euglenozoa
Subphylum Euglenida (e.g., Euglena)
Subphylum Kinetoplasta (e.g.,
Trypanosoma)
Phylum Chlorophyta (e.g., Volvox)
Phylum Apicomplexa (e.g., Plasmodium)
Phylum Ciliophora (e.g., Paramecium)
 General Characteristics
Single-celled or unicellular
organisms; some live in colonies;
Size = microscopic (3 to 1,000
microns).
No germ layers, tissues, or organs;
However, specialized intracellular
"organelles" are present
 General Characteristics
Locomotion by pseudopodia, flagella, or
cilia.
Symmetry = all types (bilateral, radial,
spherical, or asymmetrical)
Free living, commensal, parasitic, or
mutualistic
Mostly naked, but few have simple
protective exoskeletons (tests). Ex. =
Arcella
 General Characteristics
Nutrition = autotrophic (holophytic),
saprozoic, saprophytic, or holozoic.
Reproduction: asexual = longitudinal
and transverse binary fission,
budding,
Sexual = sporogony, and autogamy
Amoeba-like organisms
 Amoeba-like organisms

Organisms move by pseudopodia,

flagella, or a combination
Monomorphic nuclei
Genera
Amoeba- without a test, naked
Arcella- with a calcareous test
Figure 11.10
 Amoeba
Pseudopod

Food Vacuole

Contractile Vacuole

Nucleus

Phagocytosis
Hyaline Cap
 Figure 11.05
Amoeba hunting
food
 Arcella
Side View

Test

Pseudopod
 Arcella

Top View Nucleus

Phylum Euglenozoa

Organisms move
by one or two
flagella
Monomorphic
nuclei
Capable of
photosynthesis;
chloroplasts usually
present
 Subphylum Euglenida
Plant like organisms
Solitary
Can photosynthesize
Euglena
 Euglena

Chloroplasts

Contractile Vacuole

Flagellum not
visible Stigma
 Subphylum Kinetoplasta
Organisms are only
heterotrophic
No chloroplasts
present
all parasitic

Red Blood Cells

Trypanosoma smear cause of sleeping sickness

Organism
 Trypanasoma

Trypanosoma organism

Red Blood Cells

 Phylum Chlorophyta
Flagellated single or colonial
organisms
Are autotrophic
Have chloroplasts with chlorophyll
Genetically different from Euglenozoa
Volvox life cycle
Figure 11.20
 Volvox

Zygote

Egg

Mother
Colony
Daughter Colonies

Mother Colony

Nuclei of individual
cells
 Phylum Apicomplexa
organisms do not
have locomotor
structures;
all species are
parasitic
asexual
reproduction
involves
schizogony
Plasmodium smear cause of Malaria
 Final Host
Plasmodium agent
For malaria

Vector
 Ring stage

merozoite trophozoite
Red blood cell

Trophozooite
Ring stage in red blood cell

Ring stage Early Trophozoite

 Schizont with merozoites in red blood cell

Red blood cell

Merozoites in the Schizont

Female Male

Gametocytes
 Phylum Ciliophora
The Ciliates
Organisms move by cilia
Usually two sizes of nuclei
Macronucleus and micronucleus
Reproduction usually by transverse
binary fission
but sexual reproduction by conjugation
Parameciu
m
Binary Fission Asexual
Reproduction
Conjugation sexual reproduction
Vorticella
Stentor