Transmission Techniques

Geometric interpretation of modulated signals

Baseband transmission
Ultrawideband pulse transmission
Carrier modulated systems (BPSK, QPSK, Offset
QPSK and MSK)
Transmission in bandlimited channels
Fading channel performance
Diversity

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 General Criteria for Modulation
Technique Selection
Detection efficiency
Bandwidth efficiency
Sensitivity to nonlinearities
Filtering and ISI
CCI and ACI performance
Sensitivity to frequency and phase uncertainties
Complexity
2
Transmission System Classification

Baseband systems: signal transmitted

without modulating with a carrier.
Systems with carriers: RF bandwidth
usually much smaller than carrier frequency
Ultrawideband systems: either no carrier
but very large bandwidth, or with carrier but
bandwidth a large percentage of carrier freq.

3
 Baseband systems
Used in wired
systems, or in
infra-red (IR)
systems.
Employs line
coding and pulse
coding.

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 ULTRA-WIDEBAND
SYSTEMS
Although FCC defined UWB systems as those
which have bandwidths exceeding %25 of their
center frequency or 1.5 GHz, whichever is less.
In industry, an UWB system is, which uses
impulses that have extremely fast rise and fall
times in sub-nanosecond range. As a result
their bandwidths are from near-DC to several
GHz. There is no carrier frequency in this
system.

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 UWB PULSE EXAMPLE

[1] T. S. Rappaport et al, , Wireless communications: past events and a future

perspective. IEEE Commun. Mag., Vol. 40 Issue: 5 Part: Anniversary May 2002.

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Modulation Techniques of Interest
M-ary PSK (for M=2,4,8 and perhaps 16)
M-ary FSK
Continuous Phase FSK (MSK,GMSK)
M-QAM
TCM

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Geometric Representation of Signals
Suppose each waveforms represents 2 bits of information.

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4 waveforms can be represented as points
in 3D using the following basis functions

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Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
2 Ei ( t )
s1 ( t ) cos( o t )
T
i 1,2,..., M
0t T

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Baseband filtered ASK

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FSK Waveforms

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Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)

2E
si ( t ) cos( i t )
T
i 1,2,..., M
0t T

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Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
2E
si ( t ) cos( o t 2i / M )
T
i 1,2,..., M
0t T

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Baseband filtered PSK

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Amplitude & Phase Shift Keying (APK)
2 Ei ( t )
si ( t ) cos[ o t i ( t )]
T
i 1,2,..., M
0t T

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Performance of BPSK

Transmitted
signal

Received
signal

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BER performance of BPSK
If we go through the analysis, we find
F 2 E I exp( E / N )
P QG J
HN K 4E / N
b b o
b
o b o

where,
1
Q( x ) erfc( x / 2 )
2
Eb : energy per bit
N o : noise spectral density 18
2,4 and 8-PSK constellations

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SER of coherent M-PSK

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 Why M-PSK ? (M>4)
The last figure clearly demonstrates that as
M becomes larger than 4, there is a power
efficiency penalty. The question is why do
we pay this penalty. The answer is in the
next figure.

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Bandwidth of M-PSK

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 What about QAM in wireless?
We now know that PSK is the most popular
modulation for many wireless systems. But
M-PSK for M>8 is not used in practice.
Clearly as M becomes large, putting the
points on a single circuit reduces the
distance for a given average power (or
energy) as shown next.

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4 different 8-QAM constellations

c d

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Is FSK used in cellular systems?
We know that FSK is a basic digital
modulation format.
Is it frequently used in cellular systems?
If not, why not?

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Signal separation in FSK

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 Spectrum definitions

(a) 3-dB, (b) noise equivalent, (c) null-to-null, (d) 99% power

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 Bandlimiting and ISI
When a signal is bandlimited in the frequency
domain, it is usually smeared in the time
domain. This smearing results in intersymbol
interference (ISI).
The only way to avoid ISI is to satisfy the 1st
Nyquist criterion.
For an impulse response this means at sampling
instants having only one nonzero sample.

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 Bandwidth requirements
For PSK or QAM for FSK
rb (1 ) M rb
B rs (1 ) B Mrs
log 2 M log 2 M
B: bandwidth in Hz
rs : symbol rate in sps
rb: bit rate in bps
: roll off factor ( 0 1)
M : number of points in the constellation
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State diagram of QPSK

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Serial to parallel conversion in QPSK

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Phase changes in QPSK

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Envelope variations in QPSK

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State diagram of filtered QPSK
(square-root raised cosine with roll-off 0.5)

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Offset QPSK

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Serial to parallel conversion in OQPSK

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Spectral regrowth in QPSK and OQPSK

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/4 QPSK

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GMSK Generation

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 Gaussian Filter
GMSK filter defined by bandwidth B
which is a function of symbol durationT.
Let = 1.177 / B, then impulse response is
F I
2 2
G J
hG (t )
H K
exp 2 t

and the transfer function is
HG ( f ) exp( 2 f 2 )

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Bandwidth as a function of BT

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BER in AWGN and Rayleigh Fading Channels

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BPSK in Rayleigh Fading

For coherent BPSK

1
Pe
4 Eb / N 0

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 Objective of Diversity
If diversity is not employed, the resulting efficiency
would be very low, as it can be deduced from the
comparison of AWGN vs. Rayleigh channel BER.
Diversity refers to transmitting and/or receiving the
same information via different (preferably independent)
ways.
Diversity combats fading and improves the BER
performance which
directly translates to power savings,
increased system capacity.

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 Diversity Techniques
Space Diversity
Receive
Transmit
Polarization Diversity
Angle Diversity
Frequency Diversity
Path Diversity
Time Diversity

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 Some relevant concepts
Explicit diversity (redundant transmission)
Implicit diversity
Coherence distance
Coherence time
Coherence bandwidth

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Diversity Combining Techniques
Selection Combining
Equal Gain Combining
Maximal Ratio Combining

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Selection Combining

Logic

Select

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Equal Gain Combining

Estimate
Phase

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Maximal Ratio Combining

Estimate
Weights & Phase

Phase

Weights
+

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Performance with Selection Diversity

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