PRACTICES OF WATER CHLORINATION

-EARLY WATER CHLORINATION PRACTICES WERE APPLIED

FOR THE PURPOSE OF DISINFECTION .
 SUPER-CHLORINATION

WAS DEVELOPED FOR THE ADDITIONAL PURPOSE OF DESTROYING OBJECTIONABLE TASTE-AND

ODOR- PRODUCING OFTEN ASSOCIATED WITH CHLORINE-CONTAINING ORGANIC MATERIALS
COMBINED RESIDUAL
CHLORINATION
-INVOLVES THE APPLICATION OF CHLORINE TO
WATER IN ORDER TO PRODUCE, WITH NATURAL AID
OF AMMONIA, A COMBINED AVAILABLE CHLORINE
RESIDUAL, AND TO MAINTAIN THAT RESIDUAL
THROUGH PART OR ALL OF A WATER-TREATMENT
PLANT OR DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM.
 IT IS ESPECIALLY APPLICABLE
AFTER FILTRATION FOR
CONTROLLING CERTAIN ALGAE
AND BACTERIAL GROWTHS
AND FOR PROVIDING AND
MAINTAINING A STABLE RESIDUAL
THROUGHOUT THE SYSTEM TO
THE POINT OF CONSUMER USE.
CHLORINE RESIDUAL IS DESIRED, THE
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE WATER
WILL DETERMINE HOW IT CAN BE
ACCOMPLISHED:
IF THE WATER CONTAINS SUFFICIENT AMMONIA TO
PRODUCE WITH ADDED CHLORINE A COMBINED AVAILABLE
CHLORINE RESIDUAL OF THE DESIRED MAGNITUDE, THE
APPLICATION OF CHLORINE ALONE SUFFICES.

IF THE WATER CONTAINS TOO LITTLE OR NO AMMONIA, THE

ADDITION OF BOTH CHLORINE AND AMMONIA IS REQUIRED.

IF THE WATER HAS AN EXISTING FREE AVAILABLE CHLORINE

RESIDUAL, THE ADDITION OF AMMONIA WILL CONVERT THE
RESIDUAL TO COMBINED AVAILABLE RESIDUAL CHLORINE.
A COMBINED AVAILABLE CHLORINE RESIDUAL SHOULD
CONTAIN LITTLE OR NO FREE AVAILABLE CHLORINE.
 FREE RESIDUAL
CHLORINATION
-INVOLVES APPLICATION OF CHLORINE TO
WATER TO PRODUCE, EITHER DIRECTLY OR
THROUGH THE DESTRUCTION OF
AMMONIA, A FREE AVAILABLE CHLORINE
RESIDUAL AND TO MAINTAIN THAT
RESIDUAL THROUGH PART OR ALL OF A
WATER TREATMENT PLANT OR
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM.
HAVE HIGHER OXIDATION POTENTIALS
THAN COMBINED AVAILABLE
CHLORINE FORMS AND THEREFORE
MORE EFFECTIVE AS OXIDANTS. AND
ARE THE MOST EFFECTIVE
DISINFECTANTS.
 CHLORINE RESIDUAL IS
DESIRED, THE
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
WATER WILL DETERMINE HOW
IT CAN BE ACCOMPLISHED :
IF THE WATER CONTAINS NO AMMONIA, THE APPLICATION
OF CHLORINE WILL YIELD A FREE RESIDUAL.

IF THE WATER DOES NOT CONTAIN AMMONIA THAT RESULTS

IN THE FORMATION OF COMBINED AVAILABLE CHLORINE
RESIDUAL, IT MUST BE DESTROYED BY APPLYING AN EXCESS
OF CHLORINE