Bonding

Covalent Bonds Simple & Giant

Learning outcome :
Compare the strengths of covalent
bonds with the strength of
secondary interactions.
Explain the higher melting points
and boiling points of substances of
large molar mass.
Covalent Bonds
Co (share), Valent ( strength)
Strong electrostatic attraction forces
between the positive nucleus with
the shared electron pair.
Two electrons are shared between 2
atoms, each contributes one to form
a covalent bond.
Covalent Bonds
Single bond share a pair of e-

X
H
H

Double bond share 2 pairs of e-

X
O X O
 By sharing electrons, most atoms in
a molecule achieved the stable
electron configuration.
Examples :
a) HCl
b) CH4
c) H2O
Predict the shape of molecules
Valence Shell Electron Pairs
Repulsion Theory ( VSEPR)
Consists of 3 Rules.
1. The electron pairs in the valence
shell will repel each other as much
as possible in a 3D space to obtain
maximum stability.
2. The degree of repulsion varies with
the type of repulsion.

Non-bonding Non-bonding Bonding

> >
Electron pair Electron pair Electron pair
With With With
Non-bonding Bonding Bonding
Electron pair Electron pair Electron pair
3.Double or triple bonds can be
treated as single bond in order to
obtain its molecular shape or
geometry.
Predict and Explain the molecular
shape of Methane

H
XX

H
C H
XX

XX
XX

H
VSEPR Theory
Step 1 : Central atom ?
Step 2 : Count how many pairs of
electrons in its valence shell ?
Step 3 : arrange in the shape of
_________ to maximum stability.
Step 4 : Bonding electrons ?
Non-Bonding electrons
Step 5 : Molecular shape ?
 Step 1 : Central atom Carbon
Step 2 : Total 4 pairs of electrons
Step 3 : Tetrahedral shape to
maximum stability
Step 4 : 4 bonding pairs of
electrons
Step 5 : Molecular shape is
tetrahedral
Example : H2O

Non-bonding
X electron pair

X
X

X
XO
O XO
Bonding
electron
H H pair
Explain in VSEPR theory
The centre oxygen atom has 4 pairs of
electrons in its valence shell.
These 4 pairs of electrons will arrange in
the shape of tetrahedral in order to
obtain maximum stability.
Since 2 pairs of electrons are bonding
electrons and 2 pairs of non-bonding
electrons, the molecular shape of water
is V-shaped. ( 4 %)
Shape of Ammonia NH3

OO

N
X
X
XX

XX
H
H
H
Shape of Ammonia
Central atom Nitrogen
4 pairs of electrons
Tetrahedral shape to maximum
stability
3 bonding pairs of electrons & 1
non-bonding pairs of electrons
Molecular shape trigonal
pyramidal
 Double bond / triple bond can be
treated as 1 region of electron.
Example : SO2
XX

S
XX
OO
X O
X
O

O O
 Central atom Sulfur
Total 5 pairs of electrons
4 bonding pairs of electrons and 1
non-bonding pairs of electron
Unequal repulsion
Molecular shape V-shaped
Question
Draw and name the shape of SO2
molecule. Show the lone pair
electron(s) on the central atom (If
any).
Explain its shape using VSEPR
theory.
 -Central atom, S in SO2 has 4 bonding
pairs of electrons and 1 non-bonding pair
of electron (3 regions of electron)
VSEPR- these electrons regions will repel
each other to get as far apart as possible
in the shape of trigonal planar.
Double bond / triple bond can be
treated as 1 region of electron
2 bonding electron regions and 1 non-
bonding electron pair V-shaped.
Learning Outcome :
Draw diagrams showing covalent
bonds, non-bonding pairs, and
shapes of molecules for two
element molecules that involve one
central atom, including valence shell
octet expansion for compounds of
phosphorus and sulfur.
Phosphorus
Electron configuration :
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3 3d0

3rd Shell
Due to the extra orbital in 3rd shell
for phosphorus, hence it can have
expanded octet by using its 5
valence electrons.
Sulphur
Electron configuration :
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4 3d0

3rd Shell
Sulfur can use its 6 valence
electrons for bonding expanded
octet.
Examples - phosphorus
PCl3 Phosphorus pentachloride
This phosphorus only uses 3
valence electrons at 3p orbital.
P e- = 5
Cl e- = (1 X 3)
Total = 8

P
 PCl5 this phosphorus uses 5
valence electrons in 3rd shell.
Total electrons is > 8 ( expanded
octet).

P e- = 5
Cl e- =(1 X 5)
Total = 10
P
Examples - sulfur
SO2
This sulphur only uses 4 electron
valences to share bonds with 2
oxygen atoms.
Non-bonding
S e- =4
OO
Electron pairs
O e- =(2X2)
Total = 8 S
 SO3
This sulphur uses 6 valence
electrons to share with 3 oxygen
atoms.
S e- = 6
O e- =(2 x3)
Total = 12
S