ME 423

Introduction to CFD

Lecture 4
Spring 2017
Reynolds Time-averaged Continuity
Equation
Continuity equation (with Fluctuations)

Rules for time averaging:

The time-averaged values of the fluctuating values are

defined to be zero:
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Reynolds Time-averaged Momentum
Equation
Advection term of x-momentum:

L.H.S
(1)

R.H.S
(1)

L.H.S
(2)
R.H.S
(2)
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Boussinesq Approximation
The time-averaged equations can be solved if the
Reynolds stresses and extra temperature transport
terms can be related to the mean flow and heat
quantities.
It was proposed by Boussinesq (1868) that the
Reynolds stresses could be linked to the mean
rates of deformation.

The right-hand side is analogous to Newtons law of

viscosity, except for the appearance of turbulent or
eddy viscosity T and turbulent kinetic energy k.
The turbulent momentum transport is assumed to 4
Reynolds Time-averaged Energy Equation
The time averaged energy equation can be written
as;

Extra Temperature Transport

Similar to the momentum Terms
equation, the turbulent
transport of energy is taken to be proportional to the
gradient of the mean temperature.

where is the turbulent diffusivity.

T

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Standard k- model
We need simple equations which accommodate
the turbulent kinetic energy k and the turbulence
energy .
Such equations are called k- turbulence model,
and as proposed by Launder and Spalding (1974).
This is obtained by substituting extra terms as
defined earlier in to the RANS equations.
The turbulent kinetic energy (k) is

The rate of dissipation of turbulent energy () is

Since
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Standard k- model