Prostate cancer

marker
The cancer most often diagnosed in
men
Is the second leading cause of cancer
.related death in men in US
 ?What is prostate cancer

Cancer is the growth of abnormal cells

Cancer cells can invade and damage
.normal tissue
Prostate cancer starts in the cells of
.the prostate
Some prostate cancers can grow and
spread quickly. But most of them
.grow slowly
 ?Causes of prostate cancer

We do not know the cause of prostate

.cancer

Most likely cause is related to changes in the

.genetic material (DNA) in our cells

DNA changes can be passed down through

families, or can occur due to environment
.or lifestyle
 :Risk factor
Age
More than 6 out of 10 prostate cancers
are
.found in men older than 65

Race/Ethnicity
. African-American men
.The reasons for this are unclear
.Family history
Diet :
High in red meat or high-fat dairy
products and low in fruits and
vegetables may raise risk
 Early detection of prostate
cancer
Screening is testing to find cancer, or other
. disease, in people who have no symptoms
Screening can help find cancers in an early
stage when they are small, have not spread,
.and are more easily cured
Screening for prostate cancer can be done
:with
Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) blood
test
Digital Rectal Exam (DRE)
 What is the PSA test?
Prostate-specific antigen, or PSA, is a
protein produced by cells of the
prostate gland. The PSA test
measures the level of PSA in a mans
blood. For this test, a blood sample is
sent to a laboratory for analysis. The
results are usually reported as
nanograms of PSA permilliliter
(ng/mL) of blood.
The blood level of PSA is often
elevated in men
with prostate cancer

approved by the FDA in 1986 to

monitor the progression of prostate
cancer in men who had already been
diagnosed with the disease
 What is a normal PSA test
result?
There is no specific normal or
abnormal level of PSA in the blood. In
the past, most doctors considered
PSA levels of 4.0 ng/mL and lower as
normal. Therefore, if a man had a
PSA level above 4.0 ng/mL, doctors
would often recommend a prostate
biopsyto determine whether
Digital rectal exam (DRE):
Doctor puts a gloved, lubricated finger
into the rectum to feel for any bumps
or hard areas on the prostate that
might be cancer
May be uncomfortable, but causes no
pain and only takes a short time
Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)
and insulin-:like growth factor
binding proteins (IGFPBs)

IGF-1 and IGFBPs are associated with

tumor prognosis and progression in
patients with colon, breast, lung and
prostate cancers
Interleukin-6 (IL-6

Secretory markers (urine-based

diagnostics)

Transforming growth factor-1

(TGF-1)