Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Inheritance
Inheritance
Genotype Phenotype
LL homozygous dominant long wings
Ll heterozygous long wings
ll homozygous recessive short wings
Genotype Phenotype
CR CR homozygous red flowers
CR CW heterozygous pink flowers
CW CW homozygous white flowers
If any of the
TT or Tt? tt offspring show the
homozygous
if TT if Tt recessive trait in the
phenotype, the
T T T t parent must have
t Tt Tt t Tt tt been heterozygous.
t Tt Tt t Tt tt
The X chromosome is
larger and contains about
2000 genes, whereas the
Y chromosome contains
fewer than 100.
homologous regions
do not carry sex-determining genes
non-homologous regions
carry sex-determining genes
and other genes
As a consequence,
fewer genetic
combinations of their
alleles are possible,
reducing the variation
in offspring.
P = purple flowers
parents p = red flowers
purple, red, L = long pollen grains
long short l = short pollen grains
F1 All F2 phenotypes
all purple, long are parental types:
there are no new
combinations of
flower colour and
F2 pollen shape.
3 purple, long; 1 red, short
35 of 45 Boardworks Ltd 2009
Linkage in pea plants
If flower colour and pollen length were NOT linked, what ratio
of phenotypes would you expect from an F2 cross of PpLl?
The geneticists Bateson and Punnett performed this cross
and produced 427 pea plants. What are the expected results?
The actual results were significantly different. An alternative
hypothesis (linkage) was needed to explain the results. A ratio
of 12:1:1:2 is more typical of some linked characters, but it
depends on the distance between the two genes.
purple, long purple, short red, long red, short
expected ratio 9 3 3 1
expected results 240 80 80 27
actual results 296 19 27 85