Agenda

Goals
Info sheet
Overview
Begin Lesson 9.1- Apportionment
Hamilton Method
Adjusting a list
HW Guide
Discrete vs. Continuous Data
(Variables)
Discrete Math is not easily defined. NCTM
states DM is the study of mathematical
properties of sets and systems that have only a
finite number of elements.
Discrete values that can be counted
Continuous all values in an interval between
two specific values, such as temperature.
 Statisticians gain information about
situations by collecting data for random
variables.
Data

Qualitative: Quantitative:
categorical such as gender,
Numerical and can be ordered or ranked,
religious preference, such as age, heights, weights,
geographic locations body temperature

Discrete: (countable) such as Continuous: can assume

Number of children in a family, all values in an interval,
students in a class, Temperature, time,
people in a state, or emails in a day
distance, mass
Mathematics All Around. Thomas
L. Pirnot
Apportionment
Set and
Ch 9 Voting
Number
Methods
Theory
Ch 10
Ch 1, 4 & 5
Graph Theory Consumer Math
Discrete Math
Ch 3 Ch 11
Counting,
Modeling Permutations,
Ch 6 & 7Descriptive
Combinations
StatisticsCh 12
Ch 14
Portfolio Rubric
Vocabulary Page
Homework Assignment # and date in top right
corner. Due in pencil on due date; corrected in pen
for final portfolio.
News article / typed response
Formula notecard (optional)
Extra-credit topic (extension - not discussed in
class)
Portfolios should represent your own work and
understanding; these are individualized for each learner.
This allows us (student, teacher, parent) to see your
strengths/weaknesses for assessment purposes. Late
portfolios will be evaluated for half-credit.
 Chapter 9 - Apportionment
Vocabulary
Apportionment
Methods
Hamilton
Huntington-Hill
Jefferson
Adams
Webster
 Hamilton Method
of Apportionment
Gives each state integer part
Additional reps allocated by
largest fractional part of exact
representation
 Example 1- In a recent census
1) Alabama Population 4041
2) Missississippi Population 2573
3) Louisiana Population 4220
Allocate 19 members of the U.S. House of
Representatives to these three states.
) 1st find the percentage for each states
population to the total population
State % of Delegates Delegates Integer Fractional Assign
deserved Part Part additional
Members

AL

Miss

LA

Total
 Your Turn
2) The Civics Arts Guild is having a show.
There is room for 31 booths and the guild
has decided that the booths will be
assigned in proportion to the type of
members in the guild. Th guild has 87
painters, 46 sculptors, and 53 weavers.
Assign the booths to the three groups.
Group % of Booths Booths Integer Fractional Assign
deserved Part Part additional
Booths

Painters

Sculptors

Weavers

Total
 Warm-Up
p.517 # 11
 Adjusting a List by Truncating
Rank your biggest concerns about school.
(1 representing your top concern)
Choose from the following:
Peer Pressure
My friends/social life
My grades
My safety
State # ranked Original Truncated Discarded Adjusted
1st % to tenths Portion List

Peer
Pressure

My
Friends/
Social Life

My Grades

Safety

Total
 Your Turn
#17 on page 518.
 Fairness of Apportionment
Average constituency =
Population of state/ number of reps from state

Absolute unfairness=
l(avg constituency of A) (avg constituency of B)l
Relative Unfairness=
absolute unfairness / smaller average constituency
 Example
Find the average constituency to
determine which state is more poorly
represented. State A has a population of
27,600 and 16 representatives and state B
has a population of 23,100 and 14
representatives.
What is the absolute unfairness of this
apportionment?
What is the relative unfairness?
 27, 600
Average Constituency of A = 1, 725
16
23,100
Average Constituency of B = 1, 650
14

State A is more poorly represented.

The absolute unfairness is
1,725 1,650 = 75

75
The relative unfairness = 0.045
1, 650
 Your turn
# 26 on page 519
 Warm-Up
Do # 29 on p. 519.
 Lesson 9.2
The Huntington- Hill Apportionment Principle
The student will use the Apportionment
Criterion and the Huntington-Hill
Apportionment Principle to determine the
addition of representatives most fairly.
 Apportionment Criterion
When assigning a representative among
several parties, make the assignment so
as to give the smallest relative unfairness.
Example: Suppose that State A has a
population of 13,680 and 5
representatives, and State B has a
population of 6,180 and 2 representatives.
Use the apportionment criterion to
determine which state is more deserving
of one additional representative.
 If State A gets the rep then:
A) Calculate the average constituencies for
each.
B) Calculate the relative unfairness for
each.

) If State B gets the rep then:

Repeat steps A and B

) The smaller relative unfairness is the

best
 Your Turn
#1 on p.524
 Huntington-Hill Apportionment
Gives new rep preference by using the
Huntington-Hill number.
H-Hill number (based on Geometric mean)

2 2
(population of Y ) (population of X )
y ( y 1)
? x( x 1)
The larger number indicates which state should
receive the additional representative.
 Example
Iowa has a population of 2.8 million people and
6 representatives and Nebraska has a
population of 1.6 million people and 3
representatives. Use the Huntington-Hill
Principle to determine which state is more
deserving of an additional rep.
Iowa Nebraska
(2.8) 2 7.84 (1.6) 2
2.56
0.186667 0.213333
67 42 3 4 12
Nebraskas H-Hill number is larger so Nebraska
deserves the additional rep.
 Your Turn
The Oil Consortium Board currently has 2
members from Naxxon, 2 from Aroco, and
1 from Eurobile. Use the Hamilton-Hill
Apportionment Principle to decide which
company should receive the next member
on the board if Naxxon has 4,700
stockholders, Aroco has 3,700 and
Eurobile has 1,600.

Naxxon should get the next rep.

 Warm-Up
Use the Huntington-Hill apportionment
principle to decide which state is more
deserving of an additional rep.
The population of Alaska, New Hampshire,
and Wyoming are .6 million, 1.1 million and .5
million, respectively. Alaska has 1 rep, New
Hampshire has 2, and Wyoming has 1.
 Lesson 9.3
Applications of the Apportionment
Principle.
The student will use the Huntington-Hill
principle to apportion representatives or other
objects in order.
 Now we are going to determine how to
apportion a given number of
representatives and in what order they
should be distributed.
Use the H-Hill method to apportion 10
reps among Utah, Idaho, and Oregon.The
recent populations are Utah, 1.7 mil;
Idaho, 1.0 mil; and Oregon, 2.8 mil. Begin
by giving one rep to each state. List the
order in which the reps are apportioned.
 Calculate the H-Hill #s
Current Representation Utah Idaho Oregon

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Seat # Goes to # of addl reps # of addl # of addl reps
Utah reps Idaho Oregon

7
 Your Turn
#9 p.533
 Lesson 9.4 Other Paradoxes &
Apportionment Methods
The student will discuss other paradoxes
and investigate and use other methods of
apportionment to assign additional
representatives/objects.
 Standard Divisor / Quota
Standard Divisor =
Total population / number of reps being allocated
Computed once (a single number) used for the entire
apportionment process. The standard divisor is the # of
constituents that each representative must represent.

Standard Quota =
States population / standard divisor
Must be computed individually for each state/client. The
standard quota is the # of representatives that a state
deserves.
 Calculate the standard divisor and
each states standard quota.
We want to apportion 8 representatives among:
State A with a population of 3 million.
State B with a population of 4 million.
State C with a population of 5 million.

Total Pop 12, 000, 000

Standard divisor 1,500, 000
# of Reps 8
Standard Quotas:
3, 000, 000 4,000,000 5,000,000
A 2 B 2.67 C 3.33
1,500, 000 1,500,000 1,500,000
 Using Hamiltons Method:
State A would receive 2 reps.
State B would receive 3 reps.
State C would receive 3 reps.

Remember: Hamiltons method uses the

fractional parts to award additional reps.
Using the Hamilton method each state
receives either the number immediately
above or below the standard quota.
 Definitions
Lower quota the standard quota
rounded down.
Upper quota the standard quota
rounded up.

If in making an apportionment, each state

is allocated a # of reps that is between its
lower and upper quota, then we say the
apportionment satisfies the quota rule.
 Restating Hamiltons
Apportionment Method
Compute the standard divisor.
Compute the standard quota for each
state and round down to the lower quota.
Assign reps.
Assign additional reps according to the
fractional parts of the standard quotas.
 Warm-Up
We have 15 seats to apportion between the
following groups:
Freshmen with 420 students, Sophomores
with 375 students, Juniors with 350
students and Seniors with 293 students.
A) Use the Hamilton Method of
apportionment to distribute the seats.
B) Determine the relative unfairness
between the freshmen and juniors.
C) Which group is more poorly represented?
Group % of Seats Seats Integer Fractional Assign
deserved Part Part additional
Seats
Freshmen 29.2% 4.38 4 0.38 4

Sophomores 26.1% 3.915 3 0.915 4

Juniors 24.3% 3.645 3 0.645 4

Seniors 20.4% 3.06 3 0.06 3
Total 100% 15 13 15

Freshmen: AvgC= 105 Juniors: AvgC = 87.5

The relative unfairness is 0.2.
 Which group is more poorly
represented?
Average Constituencies:
Freshmen 105
Sophomores 93.75
Juniors 87.5
Seniors 97.7
The freshmen are more poorly represented.
 Other paradoxes
Population paradox occurs when state As
population is growing faster than state Bs
population, yet A loses a representative to state
B.

New-States paradox occurs when a new

state is added, and its share of seats is added to
the legislature causing a change in the allocation
of seats previously given to another state.
 Jeffersons Apportionment Method
Compute the standard divisor.
Rather than computing the standard quota,
compute a modified quota by using a divisor
that is smaller than the standard divisor for
the apportionment.
Modified quota = states population /
modified divisor
Calculate each states modified quota and
round DOWN. Assign representatives.
Keep varying the modified divisor until the
sum of these assignments is equal to the
number being apportioned.
Ex) Southwest Water Authority
Assume that California, Nevada, and
Arizona are cooperating to build a dam to
provide water to communities currently
lacking adequate water supplies. Seats
on the 11-member Southwest Water
Authority, which governs the project, are
assigned according to the number of
customers in each state who use the
water from the project. There are 56,000
customers in California, 52,000 in Arizona,
and 41,00 in Nevada.
 Compute the standard divisor. 13,545.45
Modified Divisor = _________
13,000

California Arizona Nevada

Population 56,000 52,000 41,000
Standard
4.13 3.84 3.03
Quota
Modified
quota
Round
Modified
Quota
___________
DOWN
 Adams Apportionment Method
Compute the standard divisor.
Rather than computing the standard quota,
compute a modified quota by using a divisor
that is larger than the standard divisor for the
apportionment.
Modified quota = states population /
modified divisor
Calculate each states modified quota and
round UP. Assign representatives.
Keep varying the modified divisor until the
sum of these assignments is equal to the
number being apportioned.
 Compute the standard divisor. 13,545.45
Modified Divisor = _________
14,000

California Arizona Nevada

Population 56,000 52,000 41,000
Standard
4.13 3.84 3.03
Quota
Modified
quota
Round
Modified
Quota
___________
UP
 Websters Apportionment Method
Compute the standard divisor.
Rather than computing the standard quota,
compute a modified quota by using trial and
error to find a modified divisor.
Calculate the modified quota for each state
and round it in the usual way.
Assign that number of representatives to
each state.
Keep varying the modified divisor until the
sum of these assignments is equal to the
total number being apportioned.
 Compute the standard divisor. 13,545.45
Modified Divisor = _________
13,545.45

California Arizona Nevada

Population 56,000 52,000 41,000
Standard
4.13 3.84 3.03
Quota
Modified
quota
Round
Modified
Quota
___________
NORMALLY
 How perfect are they?
Hamilton Jefferson Adams Webster

Can have Alabama Yes No No No

paradox

Can have Yes No No No

population paradox

Can have new- Yes No No No

states paradox

Can violate quota No Yes Yes Yes

rule
 Revisiting the Oil Consortium
Creating a 9 member board
Naxxon = 4700
Aroco = 3700
Eurobile = 1600

1. Apportion using Hamilton Method

2. Apportion using Huntington-Hill Method
3. Apportion using Jeffersons Method
4. Apportion using Adams Method
5. Apportion using Websters Method
 Textbook Problems
as a class
Page 548: 39-42
Page 549: 45
Page 550: 52

Partner: Finish Handout if needed.

You may work on your review for 9/23.

The test will be on Thursday, 9/25 instead of

9/29. The Extra Credit and portfolio will be due
on 9/29.