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Presentation of Reading Models
Presentation of Reading Models
1. Bottom-up Model
2. Top-down Model
3. Interactive Model
BOTTOM-UP MODEL
Emphasizes the written
Comprehension or printed texts
Sentences Small units -> next units
Phrases -> meaningful (Barnett,
1989)
Words (Part to whole
processing)
Letters
Text-driven models of
comprehension
PROPONENTS OF BOTTOM-
UP MODEL
1. Gough (1972)
2. LaBerge and Samuels (1974)
The processes:
- Reading visual form (decoding sound and
graphic form)
- Forming word
- Stringing individual words and sending them
to working memory
- Interpreting the sentence by Merlin
- Sending to TPWSGWTAU (the place where
sentences go when they are understood)
Gough (1972)
First language model: Serial mental
process
Focusing on letter and word level
How a reader process text the first time
of looking at printed word.
LaBerge and Samuels
(1974)
Automatic Information Processing
Focusing on Role of Attention in processing &
Importance of Automaticity
When reading: decoding and comprehension
Decoding -> Visual + Phonological + Semantic
memory systems -> Meaning
Comprehension is from the meaning
Visual memory Phonological memory Semantic memory
Attention
Episodic memory
2. TOP-DOWN MODEL
Emphasizes what a
reader get into the
text based on
background
knowledge.
Whole to part
processing
Reader-driven models
of comprehension
PROPONENTS OF TOP-DOWN
MODEL
1. Rumelhart (1977)
2. Just and Carpenter (1980)
3. Anderson and Pearson (1984)
4. Pearson and Tierney (1984)
Rumelhart (1977)
Perceptual and cognitive processes
Perceptual process -> orthographic,
lexical, syntactical, semantic
knowledge
All the knowledge will interact each
other at Pattern Synthesizer
Visual
Information
Store
Anderson and Pearson (1984)
A reader interpret 2
words during 3
reading
immediately. 4
Comprehension is
from reading word 5
for word.
Pearson and Tierney (1984)
A Reader as a composer
Considering Pragmatic theory
Much reader-driven process
4 interactive roles:
1. Planer setting goals, getting the ideas
2. Composer Searching coherence
3. Editor examine his/her interpretation
4. Monitor Observing all above three roles
REFERENCES