Harmonics in power

system
Electrical Engineering Student
Geetanjali institute of technical
studies
OM PRAKASH LOHAR
 Outline

History of Harmonics
Linear and non-linear load
What are harmonics?
What cause harmonics?
Harmonic current flow
Harmonics components
What problem do harmonics create?
How do you know if you have a harmonics problem?
examples
If you have a harmonics problem, what should you
do?
Why harmonic unknown or untreated in electrical
distribution system?
How can we treat harmonics system?
Unexpected of harmonics created
 History of harmonics
Power system have always had harmonics present.
In early 1890s harmonics were associated with
distorted current and voltage waveform shape on
transmission system.
They didnt cause a lot of problem in industrial setting
or office building as equipment was less
sophisticated.
Over the last fifteen years, the proliferation of
electronic device has brought subject up-front and
personal.
As the number of electronic devices increased, so did
the number of other harmonics creating devices.
There has been an explosion of microprocessor based
equipment which are also non-linear loads. Examples
include computer systems, variable frequency drives,
AC/DC converters, electronic ballasts, X-ray
 Linear loads
Linear loads occur when the impedance is constant;
then the current is proportional to or the same as the
voltage
A linear element in a power system is a component in
which the current is proportional to the voltage.
Typical linear loads are incandescent lights and
motors,heaters
Linear load, the consumer pays for unused energy due
to distortion voltage.
 Non-linear loads
Non linear loads occur when the impedance is not
constant; then the current is not proportion or the
same as the voltage.
The current drawn by non-linear loads is not sinusoidal
but is periodic, meaning that the current wave looks the
same from cycle to cycle.
Non-linear loads are low impedance so they use as
much as three times the peak current as a resistive
load.
Typical non-linear loads are electronic switch power
supplies, DC/AC drive and induction furnace/arc
furnace.
Non-linear load, the consumer pays more for unused a
energy due to both voltage and current distortion.
There are two basically two types of non-linear loads:
single phase and three phase.
 How big is this problem?
Since 1965, the introduction of low cost, high efficiency
semiconductor devices has increased the use of
electronic( static) power converters throughout industry
in the form of variable speed drives for all type of
machinery.
After the 1973 oil embargo and associated rapid
increase in energy costs, it has been economical and
essential to utilize electronic power converters on large
systems, as well as to apply power improvement
capacitors to minimize the increased cost of energy.
These have also generated significant harmonics in
power systems.
In 1980, harmonics were recognized as a major
technical issue in the USA. Since then, the national
electrical code (NEC) has addressed the requirements
for equipment and system performance under influence
of harmonics for applications in highly non-linear load
 Single phase vs. three phase load harmonics

Single phase non-linear loads, like personal

computers, electronics ballast and other electronic
equipment, generate odd harmonics (3, 5,7,9.. ect.)
The troublesome harmonics for single phase loads
are 3rd and multiple of 3rd ( ie. 9th, 15th, ect.). These
harmonics are call triplens because A, B,C phase
triple are all in the same phase with each other.
They will add rather than cancel on the neutral of a
3 phase 4 wires system. This can over load the
neutral if it is not sized to handle this type of load.
3 phase non-linear loads like 3-phase DC driven, 3-
phase rectifier, for not generate current triplen
harmonics (3,9,15). These type of loads generated
primarily 5th and 7th current harmonics and a lesser
amount of 11th, 13th and higher order.
Triplen harmonic: odd multiple of the 3rd harmonic
(3rd, 9th, 15th, 21).
 General definition
The general definition of harmonic is any periodic signal
(waveform) can be describe by a series of sine and cosine
function, also call Fourier series.
Every periodic function of form V(t)=V(t+T) can be developed
into Fouriers Vdc
V( t )series, Vns sinis
which n of
t Vnc cos n t
form:
n 1
the coefficients are obtained as follows
2
1
Vdc V( t ) d t
0
2
1
Vns V( t ) sin n t d t
0 2
where
T
2
1 T is the fundamental period time
Vnc V( t ) cos n t d t
0 n is an integer

1st term of the series (n=1) is called direct wave, and the
others harmonics according to their original, so that (n=2) is
the second wave.
If the function V(t) is symmetric in the proportion to origin the
series contains only odd terms.
 General definition
There are several ways of describing the degree of distortion of a current
or voltage. Two that are frequently used are crest factor and total
harmonic distortion THD.
The crest factor of a voltage is equal to the peak value divided by the
peakvoltage
effective Crestfactor
(rms) value.
effectivevoltage

A wave having a crest factor less than 1.4 tend to be flat

topped.
A crest factor2 greater
1.414 than 1.4 indicates a voltage that
tends to be pointy.
In the case of a sinusoidal voltage (which evidently has no
distortion) the crest factor is
The total harmonic distortion THD of a
2
current
IF or voltage is equal to
the effective value
Total harmonics of all the
distortion harmonics
THD
IH n divided
2 by the effective value
of the fundamental. IF IH

Total harmonic distortion voltage VH

THD
VF

Where IH=rms value of all the harmonic components combine

IF=rms value of the fundamental component of line current.
 What are harmonics?
Harmonics are like pot holes. Each harmonic is expressed in
terms of its order.
Harmonics are currents or voltage with frequencies that are
integer multiples of the fundamental power frequency.
Individual harmonic frequency will vary in amplitude and phase
angle, depending on the harmonic source
In U.S. the fundamental power frequency is 60Hz.
Total harmonic distortion is the contribution of all the harmonic
frequency current to the fundamental.
Harmonics result from non-linear loads such as electronics
switch power supplies
The characteristic harmonics are h based
(n p) on1 the number of
rectifier (pulse number) used inha circuit
( n p ) and
1 can be determined
by the following equation: example: using a 6 pulse rectifier:
n 1 p 6
Where: n= an integer (1,2,3,4,5.)
h ( n p ) 1 h 7 th harmonics
p=number of pulse or rectifiers
h ( n p ) 1 h 5 th harmonics

f 60 Hz
7 f 420 Hz
5 f 300 Hz
 What are causes of harmonics?
Harmonics are create by a non-linear loads that draw a current
in abrupt pulses rather than a smooth sinusoidal manner.
Electronics switching power supplies/converters
Harmonics are created by increased use of non-linear devices
such as uninterruptible power supplies (UPS) systems, solid
state variable speed motor drives, rectifiers and personal
computers.
Variable speed drives are usually referred to by the number of
rectifiers in the system.
Harmonic resonance occurs when the capacitor reactance and
the system reactance are equal.
All electronic loads generate positive & negative sequence
harmonic currents, single phase electronic loads connected
phase neutral in a 3 phase 4wires distribution system, also
generate zero sequence harmonic currents
Appliances:
TV set, air conditioners, washing machines, microwave
ovens and vacuum cleaners.
 Harmonic current flow
Large harmonic currents will circulate between
transformer and capacitor. These currents will result
in greater voltage distortion.
When a non-linear load draws current, that current
passes through all of the impedance that is between
the load and system source. As a result of the current
flow, harmonic voltages are produced by impedance
in the system for each harmonic.
These voltages sum and when add to the nominal
voltage produce voltage distortion. The magnitude of
the voltage distortion depends on the source
impedance and the harmonic voltage produced.
If the source impedance is low then the voltage
distortion will be low.
If a significant portion of the load become non-linear
(harmonic currents increase) and/or when a resonant
condition prevails (system impedance
increases) the voltage can increased
 How do you check for harmonics currents?
When non-linear loads are a considerable part of
total load in the facility (more than 20%) there is a
chance of a harmonic problem.
The amount of current distortion produced by the
non-linear loads.
Measure the current in the neutral of a 3phase 4 wire
system. If the neutral current is considerably higher
than value predicted from the imbalance in the
phase currents. There is a good possibility of heavy
presence of triplen harmonics.
Other signs of current harmonics include inexplicable
higher than normal temperature in the transformer,
voltage distortion and high crest factor.

 Will harmonic currents affect your power costs?

Harmonic currents, generated by single and 3-phase

non-linear electronic loads, will cause significant
penalty losses throughout the electrical
distribution system.
For example, distribution transformers, when supporting
100% THD non-linear electronic office loads, will produce
approximately 3.25 time higher losses than when
supporting linear loads.
Penalty losses, produced by the other elements of the subs
system, will typically equal to and often substantially
exceed the transformers penalty losses.
Penalty losses result in apparatus overheating higher air
conditioning costs and high power costs.
A reduction dollar in penalty
hrs days losses will produce a very attractive
annual_saving Total_KW_saving Total_KW_saving dollar
12months Total_PFpenalty_saving
annual
saving. KWh day year KW_demandchage

Months
 Harmonics components
Harmonics are divided into different components by
their properties (ranking number).
The component class shows the rotational direction
of the phase of the harmonic with respect to the
fundamental frequency.
Harmonics are divided into three type of components
(positive , negative and zero sequence).
Zero-sequence harmonics: 3,6,9,12
Positive sequence:1,4,7,10, 13
Negative sequence: 2,5,8,11,14
In addition harmonics are divided into even and odd
harmonics
In a normal situation, when the curve form is
symmetric in proportion to origin only odd harmonics
are generated.
How is such component divided obtain

If n= 1,4, 7, 10, 13...the phase order (phase

angle) is the same as or with the direct wave, or
harmonics (phase) rotate in the same direction.
positive
If n = 2, 5, 8, 11... the phase order is different
than or with direct waves, or harmonics rotate in a
different direction. Negative
If n = 3, 6, 9, 12... the phase angle in all phases is
thePositive n harmonics
same, 6or 1 do not rotate. Zero
negative 6 n 1
Zero 6 n 3
Where n is any integer
 Three phase Balance and unbalance Systems
Balance in three phase system
Current in a balance system are shifted 1/3 of a cycle
compared to each other.
Real time phase balancing based on X/R
Saves energy
There is no such devices know in markets.
With no harmonic content, the line current are 120 degree
out of phase, cancel each other and result in very little
neutral current.
Problems due to unbalance the loading:
Negative voltage sequence
Increased current in neutral conductor
Increased neutral to ground voltage
Overheating of motors/ insulation breakdown
Reduced motor efficiency
Motor bearing failure
Waste energy/high electric bill
Waste investment & operating capital
 What problem do harmonics create?
Large load currents in the neutral wires of a 3 phase system.
Theoretically the neutral current can be up to the sum of all 3 phases
therefore causing overheating of the neutral wires. Since only the phase wires
are protected by circuit breakers of fuses, this can result in a potential fire
hazard.
Overheating of standard electrical supply transformers which shortens the life of
a transformer and will eventually destroy it.
When a transformer fails, the cost of lost productivity during the emergency
repair far exceeds the replacement cost of the transformer itself.
High voltage and current distortion exceeding
Poor power factor conditions result in monthly utility penalty fees for major users
(factories, manufacturing and industrial) with a power factor less than 0.9.
Resonance that produces over-current surges. In comparison, this is equivalent to
continuous audio feedback through a PA system. This results in destroyed
capacitors and their fuses and damaged surge suppressors which will cause an
electrical system shutdown
False tripping of branch circuit breakers. harmonics can cause false or spurious
operations and trips, damaging or blowing components for no apparent reason.
Waste energy/high electric bill
Capacitors: can be affected by heat rise increases due to power loss and reduced
life on the capacitors. If capacitor is tuned to one of the characteristic harmonic
such as the 5th or 7th, over voltage and resonance can cause dielectric failure.
 How do you know if you have a harmonic
problem?
Frequent tripping of circuit breakers & fuse blowing
Capacitor failures
Overloading of transformer neutrals
Telephone interference
Severe lamp flicker
Excessive equipment heating.
Increased heating is the result of increased copper and iron losses
due to the increased frequencies present.
Electrical interference:
interference may take the form of loss of data, communication
interference. Many electronic devices count on regular sinusoidal
voltage waves for detection of peaks and/or zero crossing used in
timing circuits.
Over voltage
An over voltage is a voltage above the normal rated or maximum
operating voltage of a device or circuit. Harmonic over voltages are
caused by local circuit resonant condition that can overstress
equipment insulation. One most common form is the tuning of a
circuit due to the addition of a capacitor.
 Circuits
Is circuit a harmonic circuit? Is circuit is linear or non-linear
load circuit?

Does the circuit below a harmonic circuit? why?

 circuit1
The output of circuit
**** 11/06/03 08:43:53 *********** Evaluation PSpice (Nov 1999) **************
* U:\EE461\Schematic1.sch
**** FOURIER ANALYSIS TEMPERATURE = 27.000 DEG C
**********************************************************************
FOURIER COMPONENTS OF TRANSIENT RESPONSE V(Vout)
DC COMPONENT = 4.738594E+01
HARMONIC FREQUENCY FOURIER NORMALIZED PHASE NORMALIZED
NO (HZ) COMPONENT COMPONENT (DEG) PHASE (DEG)
1 6.000E+01 9.249E+02 1.000E+00 2.181E-02 0.000E+00
2 1.200E+02 3.512E+00 3.798E-03 -8.847E+01 -8.851E+01
3 1.800E+02 2.086E+01 2.256E-02 -1.779E+02 -1.780E+02
4 2.400E+02 3.405E+00 3.681E-03 -8.570E+01 -8.579E+01
TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION = 2.316800E+00 PERCENT

R 10 V 1000
V
I I 100
R
2 3
P I R P 100 10
I
Irms Irms 70.711
2
2 3
Prms Irms R Prms 50 10

2 2
IH1 ( Irms ) 59.3 IH1 38.516
38.516
THD 4 THD 2.598
59.3
 Circuit 2
The output of circuit 2

* U:\EE461\Schematic1.sch

**** FOURIER ANALYSIS TEMPERATURE = 27.000 DEG C

***********************************************************************
FOURIER COMPONENTS OF TRANSIENT RESPONSE V(Vout)
DC COMPONENT = 3.388514E+01

HARMONIC FREQUENCY FOURIER NORMALIZED PHASE NORMALIZED

NO (HZ) COMPONENT COMPONENT (DEG) PHASE (DEG)
1 6.000E+01 5.936E+02 1.000E+00 -2.692E+01 0.000E+00
2 1.200E+02 4.194E+01 7.066E-02 4.173E+01 9.558E+01
3 1.800E+02 3.153E+01 5.311E-02 3.283E+01 1.136E+02
4 2.400E+02 2.487E+01 4.190E-02 2.837E+01 1.361E+02
TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION = 9.782316E+00 PERCENT

L 0.024 H f 60 Hz V 1000 Rl 10 R 4.21

XL 2 f L XL 9.048

Z R XL Z 13.258
1000
I I 42.996
Z Rl
EH I XL
EH
THD THD 9.7 %
EF
 Bipolar amplifier circuit
The example
 Bipolar amplifier circuit
Pspice results
TOTAL POWER DISSIPATION 1.66E-01 WATTS
**** 09/24/03 10:35:12 *********** Evaluation PSpice (Nov 1999) **************
* U:\EE461\amplifier.sch
**** FOURIER ANALYSIS TEMPERATURE = 27.000 DEG C
******************************************************************************
FOURIER COMPONENTS OF TRANSIENT RESPONSE V(Vout)
DC COMPONENT = -2.893278E-01

HARMONIC FREQUENCY FOURIER NORMALIZED PHASE NORMALIZED

NO (HZ) COMPONENT COMPONENT (DEG) PHASE (DEG)

1 1.000E+04 3.822E+00 1.000E+00 -1.782E+02 0.000E+00

2 2.000E+04 6.956E-01 1.820E-01 9.471E+01 4.511E+02
3 3.000E+04 5.561E-02 1.455E-02 1.148E+01 5.461E+02
4 4.000E+04 4.858E-03 1.271E-03 1.541E+02 8.669E+02
TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION = 1.825818E+01 PERCENT

H1 3.822
1
H2 6.956 10
2
H3 5.561 10
3
H4 4.858 10

THD
H22 H32 H42 100 THD 18.258 %
H1
 If you have a harmonics problem, what should you do?
How have some engineers dealt with harmonics in their system designs?
To improve system performance and provide the best possible environment
for the non-linear loads, a designers options have been limited to over-sizing
distribution transformer and shared neutral conductors.
As an alternative, branch circuits have been configured with separate neutral
conductor for each phase conductor. In either case, branch circuits have been
underutilized and limited in their length as a means of reducing voltage
distortion and neutral ground voltage (common mode noise) at the loads.
As an alternative to over-sizing conventional distribution transformers, many
designers have specified K-rated transformers. Unfortunately, a k-rated
transformers higher harmonics impedance cause increase in voltage
distortion.

( Ih( pu) ) h
Ih(pu) is the harmonic current
2 2
K_rate
expressed in per unit; and
h 1
h is the harmonic number.
If you suspect there is a harmonics problem, evaluate the situation:
Compile good date on the symptoms.
Take good measurements of your system at various time during different operating
cycles
Invite a consulting engineer or power quality expert from your power supplier to
assess your systems.
 Reducing harmonics
There are many ways to reducing harmonics, ranging from
variable frequency drive designs to the addition of auxiliary
equipment. The primary methods used today to reduce
harmonics are:
Power System design: harmonics can be reduced by limiting the
non-linear load to 30% of the maximum transformers capacity.
However, with power factor correction capacitors installed,
resonating conditions can occur that could potentially limit the
percentage of non-linear loads to 15% of transformers capacity.
KVA
Determine
h if ascresonant condition
h = harmonic order on the distribution could occur:
KVAR

KVA
KVA
sc Z
pu
KAV is available short circuit at point of capcitor bank installation
sc
KVAR = capacitor bank size

Isolation transformers: An isolation transformer provides a good

solution in many cases. The advantage is the potential to voltage
match by stepping up or down the system voltage, and by
 Reducing harmonics (const.)
Line reactors: more commonly used for size and cost,
the line reactor is the best solution for harmonics
reduction when compared to an isolation transformer.
AC drives that use diode bridge rectifier front ends
are best suited for line reactors. Line reactors
(commonly referred to as inductors) are available in
standard impedance ranges from 1.5%, 3%, 5% and
7.5%.
Harmonics trap filters: used in applications with a
high non-linear ratio to system to eliminate harmonic
currents. Filters are tuned to a specific harmonic such
as the 5th, 7th, 11th , ect. In addition, harmonic trap
filters provide true distortion power factor correction.
Filters can be designed for several non-linear loads or
for and individual.
Why harmonic unknown or untreated in
electrical distribution system?
The electrical distribution system of most sites
or facilities was never designed to deal with an
abundance of non-linear load.
Its a problem that has only recently begun to
be recognized in the building industry.
Within the last decade, the widespread use of
computers and switched-mode power supply
(SMPS) equipment is turning modern office
buildings, factories and industrial plants into
high-tech computer environments.
A building or facility unable to fully support
todays technology and the high tech problems
that it brings along with it.
Design a hearing aid or heart pacemaker
 Output results
The output swing of circuit

9
AtotalPs 3.01 10
9
Anew 2.59 10
 How can we treat harmonics
system?
Harmonic treatment can be performed by 2 methods:
Filter or cancellation
A harmonic filter consists of a capacitor bank and
inductor coil.
The filter is designed or tuned to the
predetermined none-linear load and to filter a
predetermine harmonic frequency range. Usually
this frequency range only accounts for one
harmonics frequency. This application is mostly
used when specified for a uninterruptible power
supplies UPS or variable frequency drive motor in a
manufacturing plant.
Harmonic cancellation is performed with harmonic
canceling transformer also know as phase shifting
transformers.
A harmonic canceling transformer is a relatively
 Why are voltage and current harmonics a
Current harmonics are aproblem
problem because they cause
increased losses in customer and utility power system
components. Transformers are especially sensitive to this
problem and may need to be de-rated as much as 50%
capacity when feeding loads with extremely distorted
current waveforms.
In addition, current harmonics can distort the voltage
waveform and cause voltage harmonic.
Voltage distortion affects not only sentinel electronic load
but also electric motors and capacitor banks.
In electric motors, negative sequence harmonics (i.e. 5 th,
11th, 17th).
in Capacitor banks, is that the reactance (impedance) of a
capacitor bank decrease as the frequency increases. This
cause the bank to act as a sink or trap for higher harmonic
currents from the surrounding customer and/or utility
system. The effect is increased current, increased heating
and dielectric stresses that could lead to capacitor bank
failure.
 IEEE standard STD 519
In 1981, IEEE guide for harmonic control and reactive
compensation of static power converters, originally established
levels of voltage distortion acceptable to the distribution system
for individual non-linear loads. With the rising increase usage of
industrial non-linear loads, such as variable frequency drives, it
became necessary to revise the standard.
On April 12,1993, the IEEE published revised a standard limiting
the amplitudes of current harmonics, IEEE recommended
practices and requirements for harmonics control in electrical
power system.
The establish recommended guidelines for harmonic voltages
on the utility distribution systems well as harmonics currents
within the industrial distribution system.
IEEE 519 voltage limit
 IEEE standard 519
IEEE 519 Current limit, low voltage system

Even harmonics are limited to 25% of the odd harmonic

limit above.
Current distortion that result in a DC offset, eg. Half wave
converters are not allowed.
All power generation equipment is limited to these values
of current distortion, regardless of actual Isc/IL.
where Isc = maximum short circuit current at PCC
IL = maximum demand load current (fundamental
frequency component) at PCC.
n =harmonic order
THD= instantaneous value of harmonic distortion
PCC = At point of metering or point where non-linear load
meets linear loads
What will happen if you do not follow the IEEE Std 519

Electronic equipment is susceptible to miss-operation

cause by harmonic distortion data in computer
network may be corrupted.
Harmonic current may also contaminate audio and
video signal interconnecting shielded cables.
Conventional linear loads can also be affected. This
will result in loss of torque, overheating and
premature failure.
Harmonics currents, generated by single phase and
three phase non-linear electronics loads, will cause
additional penalty losses throughout the electrical
distribution system.
These losses result in apparatus overheating and
premature apparatus failure.
Harmonic currents and voltage are not controlled.
 Unexpected harmonics creates
Clamp-on ammeter found loads as high as 28 A. Considering the
circuits were rated for 20A and should not exceed 16A
continuously) this arrangement was a potentially serious
electrical accident waiting to happen.
the engineer who designed the system laid it out using building
standard light fixtures. Using 3 lamps per fixtures, one ballast
operated the center lamp; the other operated the two outboard
lamps.
By providing 2 circuits to each fixtures, the engineer reduced the
number of contactors required to control the in/outside lamps
separate from the building management system.
The power system was 208V/120V, 3-phase, 4-wire. The owner
didnt have enough fixtures on hand for the entire job. Thinking
he was doing the owner a favor, the supplier furnished the
additional fixtures with 3 lamps switch-able ballasts, instead of
the original 2 ballasts per fixture.
First step in finding the cause of the problem was tabulate the
load on each circuit. Of 90 circuits, 15 had overload. 4 were
overload because the engineer miscalculated. 11 circuits
overload appeared to be
 Unexpected harmonics creates
With balance linear loads on two phases, the current on the neutral is
no greater than it would be with just a single phase load. This
analysis ruled out the theory that supplying the ballast with 2 circuits
from different phases was the problem
The specification for the ballast that were actually supplied revealed
they were not electronic. The ballast consisted of a 1&2 lamp ballast,
all in the same housing. Both ballasts were conventional magnetic
units, but the 1 lamp ballast was a normal (low) power factor ballast.
The current and power factor rating for all ballast were:
1-lamp operation= 0.87A at 0.40 PF
2-lamp operation=0.77A at 0.85 PF
3-lamp operation=1.44A at 0.85 PF
Part of the problem was the engineer expected the 1-lamp circuit to
draw about the current per lamp as the 2-lamp circuit. Since the 1-
lamp ballast used a normal power factor design (low PF), the 1-lamp
circuit (serving the number of lamp) actually drew more current
than 2-lamp circuits. That explained many of the overloads.
Despite these discoveries, the question of harmonics remained.
Fluorescent ballasts (even with magnetic ballasts) generate
harmonics. This has been common knowledge since at least 1968,
when the NEC began to require a full size neutral conductor on circuits
serving discharge lighting (which includes fluorescent) and also
electronic equipment.
 Solution
To avoid problems of overloading the neutral on 3phase, 4 wire
system, manufactures of CBM certified ballast limit the 3 rd
harmonic to 33% of the fundamental so as not to overload the
neutral.
Our case involved 2 phases sharing a neutral at each fixture.
When phase A and phase B (each with a 30% third harmonic)
combine on the neutral. The wave form seriously distorts. The
peak to peak is 1.6 time the peak to peak value of the pure sine
wave.
A true rms meter would indicate the correct value of 0.82A.
However, the electricians average responding meter
interpreted this current at 1.13A. This measurement error
compounded the problems caused by the ballast substitution
and the original miscalculation.
The remedy involved new light fixtures
for this space, replacing these fixtures
was less expensive than rewiring.
Replaced the fixtures with the 3-lamp
switch-able ballasts and low PF 1-lamp
 Reference
http://www.creativec.com/harmonics.pdf
http://www.netaworld.org/files/ItemFileA440.pdf
http://www.tvss.net/pq/har.htm
http://www.cpccorp.com/harmonic.htm
http://leeh.ee.tut.fi/harmo/1.htm
http://leeh.ee.tut.fi/harmo/harmoeng.htm
http://www.ecmweb.com/ar/electric_unexpected_harmon
ics_creates/
 Thank You
Have a great day!